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 The research published in the September issue of the Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine found that cash incentives can be a success even when the payout is as little as $7 for dropping just a few pounds in three months.
Unlike providing onsite fitness centers or improving offerings in the company cafeteria, cash rewards provide a company with a guaranteed return, the researchers said.
"They really can't be a bad investment because you don't pay people unless they lose weight," said Eric A. Finkelstein, the study's lead author and a health economist at RTI International, a research institute based in nearby Research Triangle Park.
The study involved about 200 overweight employees at several colleges in North Carolina, divided into three groups. One group received no incentives while the other two groups received $7 or $14 for each percentage point of weight lost.
For example, someone in the middle group weighing 200 pounds who lost 10 pounds, or 5 percent, would get $35.
Participants didn't get any help on how to lose weight. In the end, employees who received the most incentives lost the most weight, an average of nearly 5 pounds after three months. Those offered no incentives lost 2 pounds; those in the $7 group lost about 3 pounds.
Those in the $14 group were more than five times as likely to lose 5 percent of their weight
-- the amount research has shown to be clinically significant, according to the study.
Finkelstein and co-authors Laura Linnan and Deborah Tate, professors at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill's School of Public Health, are currently analyzing data from a follow-up study that observed about 1,000 participants for a year. In that study, financial incentives were tested against a Web-based weight-loss program and changes in the office environment, such as healthier cafeteria food.
Linnan said more research is needed to determine the ideal dollar amount and whether incentives work in the long term.
"It's clear that one of the biggest challenges is to help people who lose weight keep the weight off," she said.
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Plant worker Vonderahe Rivera said the financial incentives offered by her employer have helped her lose a total of 50 pounds and keep it off. Over the past five years, the O'Fallon, Mo.-based VSM Abrasives, which makes sandpaper, has been rewarding its 125 employees with cash for trimming their weight and an extra day off each year if they don't gain it back.
"The money is great and the day off is great," said the 51-year-old Rivera.
This year, she lost 25 pounds and got $125 when her employee team reached their weight-loss goal. She used the money for some new outdoor furniture. Being part of a group also keeps her motivated, Rivera said.
While there are some federal guidelines on offering cash incentives, the idea is relatively new and will likely require further study before many employers are willing to try such a program, said Dr. Jeffrey Dobro, a consultant with the human resources consulting firm Towers Perrin.
"To actually pay people for results is a little bit problematic ... if you don't give people an equal opportunity," he said.
To compensate, employers could offer similar incentives to staff who maintain a healthy weight, he said.
So far, the trend among larger companies has been to provide incentives for employees who do things like complete a health risk assessment or attend coaching sessions for weight management, said LuAnn Heinen, director of an institute that studies the costs and effects of obesity for the National Business Group on Health, which represents mainly Fortune 500 companies.
But Heinen said the study will be welcomed by employers who realize participation in other health programs remains low, or that they're paying for people to lose the same 10 pounds over and over again.
"I think over time companies will start looking for something with a little more teeth," she said.
[Associated Press; by Elizabeth
Dunbar]
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