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 Spikes in diagnoses among girls, Hispanics and older kids may be the
result of better screening and monitoring among previously under
diagnosed groups, experts say.
Roughly 5.8 million children aged five to 17 years are now diagnosed
with ADHD, which is characterized by social and behavioral problems
as well as challenges in school, according to the analysis of cases
reported by parents from 2003 to 2011.
Diagnosis rates jumped 43 percent overall during the study period,
from 8.4 percent of children in 2003 to 12 percent by 2011.
Over that time, diagnosis among girls jumped 55 percent from 4.7
percent in 2003 to 7.3 percent in 2011, though prevalence remained
higher among boys.
“The sharper increase among girls was a surprise primarily because
ADHD is typically diagnosed among boys,” said study co-author Sean
Cleary, a public health researcher at George Washington University
in Washington, D.C.
“One possibility to explain the increasing trend among females is a
greater recognition of ADHD symptoms observed (e.g. withdrawn,
internalizing) that are traditionally overlooked because they are
not typically considered a sign of this condition,” Cleary added by
email.
To assess shifts in diagnosis patterns over time, Cleary and
co-author Kevin Collins of Mathematic Policy Research analyzed data
on more than 190,000 children from U.S. surveys conducted in 2003,
2007 and 2011.
As part of the surveys, parents reported whether their child had
been diagnosed with ADHD.
Boys accounted for the majority of cases, and diagnosis for them
rose 40 percent during the study period to 16.5 percent by 2011.
Age also played a role in diagnosis rate gains, with the a 33
percent increase among kids aged five to nine years old, a 47
percent climb for those 10 to 14 years, and a 52 percent surge for
teens 15 to 17 years.
While white children still made up the majority of cases, diagnosis
rates climbed much more for black and Hispanic youth, according to
the results in the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. In particular,
diagnosis among Hispanic children spiked 83 percent over the study
period. For blacks, diagnoses rose 58 percent.
Shortcomings of the study include low response rates and its
reliance on data from telephone surveys that didn’t include mobile
numbers until 2011, the authors note.
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Still, the rising diagnosis rates aren’t surprising, and are
consistent with trends U.S. clinicians have been seeing for years,
said Quyen Epstein-Ngo, a psychology researcher at the University of
Michigan in Ann Arbor who wasn’t involved in the study.
It’s possible that some of the increase in diagnosis is due to some
children having avoided diagnosis in the past as a result of having
less severe symptoms, more coping strategies or a stronger support
system to help them deal with the demands of school, Epstein-Ngo
said by email.
“It could be that the last several years have seen an increased
ability, or willingness, to recognize that older adolescents who are
still struggling could require more formal help and support,”
Epstein-Ngo said. “Alternatively, it could be that increased
pressures on adolescents to perform and achieve are leading to a
push for more ADHD assessments.”
Some previous research has also raised concerns that children from
certain minority groups may have been underdiagnosed in the past,
noted Dr. Timothy Wilens, chief of child and adolescent psychiatry
at Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School in
Boston.
The surge in diagnosis for some non-white students in the study “may
reflect appropriately increased testing and evaluation of academic
and interpersonal difficulties,” Wilens, who wasn’t involved in the
study, said by email.
Even though the data point to rising ADHD diagnosis rates, Wilens
cautioned, the study based on parents’ responses to a single survey
question doesn’t help answer why children were diagnosed or what
treatment they may have received.
“I do believe these data indicate that adolescents, girls, and
certain racial ethnic groups are being monitored more stringently
for behavioral and academic difficulties including ADHD and other
problems,” Wilens added.
SOURCE: http://bit.ly/1XZP9Bo Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, online
December 8, 2015.
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