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 Media companies and journalism groups have argued that the measure is needed to keep the public informed about government corruption, but the Bush administration and other opponents say it could harm national security.
Under the measure, federal courts would join 33 states and the District of Columbia in protecting reporters from being forced to reveal confidential sources, except in certain cases.
The voice vote sent the bill, sponsored by Reps. Rick Boucher, D-Va., and Mike Pence, R-Ind., to the House floor.
Supporters said whistle-blowers will be less likely to provide information about government and other wrongdoing if reporters are required to give up their sources.
The bill "helps restore the independence of the press so that it can perform its essential duty of getting information out to the public," said Judiciary Committee Chairman John Conyers, D-Mich.
Opponents said the bill leaves open too many possibilities in which reporters might be exempted from having to provide information that might help the government hunt down terrorists or for use in libel cases.
"We should not create a protection so broad that those who would destroy people's reputations, businesses and privacy can hide behind it," said Rep. Lamar Smith of Texas, the committee's senior Republican.
The Justice Department opposes the bill.
"History has demonstrated that the protections already in place, including the department's own rigorous internal review of media subpoena requests, are sufficient," Assistant Attorney General Rachel Brand told the House Judiciary Committee in June.
Under the bill, reporters could still be compelled to provide information:
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If all "reasonable" alternative sources have been exhausted.
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In criminal investigations, if officials seeking the information have reasonable grounds to believe a crime has occurred and the information sought is critical to the case.
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In civil cases, if the information is critical to the "successful completion of the case."
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If the information is necessary to prevent a terrorist act, prevent imminent death or "significant bodily harm," or identify a person who has exposed a trade secret or certain health information.
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 An exception to the privilege would only apply if a court determines that the public interest in disclosing the information outweighs the public interest in news gathering and dissemination, Boucher said.
Pressed by law enforcement officials and the private sector, Boucher made several changes to the bill before the committee considered it Wednesday.
One change deleted a requirement that would require an investigator to prove that the information is needed to prevent "imminent and actual harm" to national security. Instead, the bill now requires a showing of "significant specified harm" to national security, even if the harm is not imminent.
In another change approved by the committee, the bill now excludes foreign powers or their agents so that, for example, a government-controlled newspaper of another country is not protected under the act.
The bill "establishes important ground rules that balance the public interest in both the free flow of information and the fair administration of justice," said Paul Boyle, senior vice president of public policy at the Newspaper Association of America.
"By enacting a federal shield law, the Congress can ensure that all parties
-- journalists, sources, prosecutors, civil litigants and courts alike -- can rely on consistent and well-articulated standards of procedure," Boyle said.
The legislation is in response to former New York Times reporter Judith Miller's jailing for 85 days in 2005 for refusing to identify which Bush administration officials had talked with her about CIA agent Valerie Plame.
Miller ultimately testified that she had conversations about Plame with I. Lewis "Scooter" Libby, then chief of staff for Vice President Dick Cheney.
Libby was convicted of lying to the grant jury and obstruction of justice in an investigation of who leaked Plame's identity to reporters. President Bush commuted the sentence last month.
[Associated Press;
by Laurie Kellman]
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