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 Without proper planning, cities across the globe face the threat of overwhelming poverty, limited opportunities for youth, and religious extremism, U.N. Population Fund Executive Director Thoraya Ahmed Obaid told The Associated Press in London, where she is launching the report.
"In 2008, half of the world's population will be in urban areas, and we are not ready for them," said Obaid, who is also one of the U.N.'s undersecretary-generals.
Her agency's "State of the World Population 2007" report outlines the rate and scale of urban growth and calls for the policy initiatives to manage it.
UNFPA found current policy initiatives often aim to keep the poor out of cities by limiting migration and cutting lower-income housing.
"Cities see poor people as a burden," Obaid said. "They should be seen as an asset."
"Investing in them in terms of shelter, education and so on would mean you have a good economic force that can work and create even further economic growth coming from cities," Obaid said.
Birth rates are driving urban population growth -- instead of migration from rural areas, the report said. Family planning policies will be most effective in slowing urban growth
-- including comprehensive reproductive health services and sex education, it said.
"Urban growth, in a sense, encourages low fertility because city people have access to information and access to services and can plan their families better," Obaid said. "In an urban economy, women need less children but (want children) with a better quality of life and better possibilities of education."
Smaller cities, not major metropolises, will absorb the bulk of urban growth, the report said.
"We're focusing on the megacities when the data tell us most of the movement will be coming to smaller cities of 500,000 or more," Obaid said.
Smaller cities may be more flexible in expanding their boundaries and adapting their policies, but they also have fewer resources and smaller governments than major cities who are more accustomed to large migrant populations.
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 If these smaller cities fail to meet the needs of migrant populations, they could face social unrest, including religious extremism, she said.
"Extremism is often a reaction to rapid and sudden change or to a feeling of exclusion and injustice, and the cities can be a basis for that if they are not well managed," Obaid said. "It's very much an urban phenomenon."
Alongside the report, UNFPA released a youth supplement called Growing Up Urban, seven profiles of young people from major cities like Mumbai, India, and Cairo, Egypt, highlighting the opportunities and risks of urban living.
Increasing crime and juvenile delinquency are explored through the story of Freddy, a 26-year-old former gang member from San Salvador, El Salvador. Freddy, whose last name is not given, joined a gang at the age of 14 for respect and a sense of identity.
Salvadoran gangs started in the U.S., mostly in Los Angeles, but their members were deported in the 1990s. In the U.S., the gangs were made up of migrants' children looking for a common identity in a city in which they struggled to adapt. In El Salvador, which had the highest homicide rate in Latin America in 2005, gang identity was based on permanent warfare with rival gangs over territory and drug-dealing rights.
"They were my family, the people who love you, take care of you, risk their life for you," Freddy was quoted as saying. But when a friend bled to death after a fight, Freddy vowed to give up violence and his addiction to crack. He met a nurse through an organization designed to help reformed gang members, and they now have two children together.
But he said he cannot escape the stigma of being a gang member. "That day I get killed, the papers won't say a taxi driver was killed, they'll say a gang member was killed."
Obaid said involving youth in the decisions and policies of growing cities is vital for dealing with issues of violence and poverty.
"My passion is to make sure youth are included in everything we do," Obaid said. "They are the ones always on the move, trying to find different ways of life and better life."
[Associated Press] |
