 In record numbers, they're struggling to find work, shunning
long-distance moves to live with mom and dad, delaying marriage, and
raising kids out of wedlock, if they're becoming parents at all. The
unemployment rate for them is the highest since World War II, and
they risk living in poverty more than others -- nearly 1 in 5.New
2010 census data released Thursday show the wrenching impact of a
recession that officially ended in mid-2009. There are missed
opportunities and dim prospects for a generation of mostly
20-somethings and 30-somethings coming of age in a prolonged period
of joblessness.
"We have a monster jobs problem, and young people are the biggest
losers," said Andrew Sum, an economist and director of the Center
for Labor Market Studies at Northeastern University. He noted that
for recent college graduates getting by on waitressing, bartending
and odd jobs, they will have to compete with new graduates for
entry-level career positions when the job market does improve.
"Their really high levels of underemployment and unemployment
will haunt young people for at least another decade," Sum said.
Richard Freeman, an economist at Harvard University, said young
people "will be scarred and they will be called the ‘lost
generation' -- in that their careers would not be the same way if we
had avoided this economic disaster."
The latest figures also show a rebound in the foreign-born
population to 40 million, or 12.9 percent, the highest share since
1920. The 1.4 million increase from 2009 was the biggest since the
mid-decade housing boom and could fuel debate in this election
season about immigration strategy.
Most immigrants continue to be low-skilled workers from Latin
America, with growing numbers from Asia also arriving. An estimated
11.2 million people are in the U.S. illegally.
People age 65 and older tended to return to or stay in their
jobs, accounting for the few employment gains in recent months.
About 1 in 6 older people is now in the labor force. That's the
highest level since the 1960s, before more generous Social Security
and Medicare benefits made it more attractive to retire.
Employment among young adults 16-29 was 55.3 percent, compared
with 67.3 percent in 2000, and the rate is the lowest since the end
of World War II.
Young males who lack a college degree were most likely to lose
jobs, due to reduced demand for blue-collar jobs in construction,
manufacturing and transportation during the downturn. Among
teenagers, employment was less than 30 percent.
The employment-to-population ratio for all age groups in
2007-2010 dropped faster than for any similar period since the
government began tracking the data in 1948. In the past year, 43 of
the 50 largest metropolitan areas continued to post declines in
employment, including Charlotte, N.C.; Jacksonville, Fla.; Las
Vegas; Phoenix; Los Angeles; and Detroit. Each experienced a severe
housing bust, budget deficit or meltdown in industries such as
banking or manufacturing.
Without work, young adults aren't starting careers and lives in
new cities.
Among adults 18-34, the share of long-distance moves across state
lines fell last year to roughly 3.2 million people, or 4.4 percent,
the lowest level since World War II. For college graduates, who
historically are more likely to relocate out of state, long-distance
moves dipped to 2.4 percent.
Opting to stay put, roughly 5.9 million Americans 25-34 last year
lived with their parents, an increase of 25 percent from before the
recession. Driven by a record 1 in 5 young men who doubled up in
households, men are now nearly twice as likely as women to live with
their parents.
Marriages fell to a record low last year of just 51.4 percent
among adults 18 and over, compared with 57 percent in 2000. Among
young adults 25-34, marriage was at 44.2 percent, also a new low.
Broken down by race and ethnicity, 31 percent of young black men
lived in their parents' homes, compared with 21 percent of young
Latino men and 15 percent of young white men. At the state level,
New York had the highest share of young men living with their
parents, at 21 percent, followed by New Jersey and Hawaii, all
states with higher costs of living. Most of the cities with low
percentages of young adults living at home were in the Midwest.
[to top of second column] |
Younger women across all race and ethnic groups had fewer
children compared with 2008. Births declined 6 percent among 20- to
34-year-olds last year even though the number of women in this group
increased by more than 1 million, according to an analysis of census
data by Kenneth Johnson, sociology professor and senior demographer
at the University of New Hampshire. Never before has such a drop in
births occurred when the population of young adults increased in at
least 15 years.
"Are people just delaying births, or does this represent a real
loss of babies that won't be replaced? During the Great Depression,
there was a permanent loss of births -- they were never made up,"
Johnson said.
Homeownership declined for a fourth consecutive year, to 65.4
percent, following a peak of 67.3 percent in 2006.
"Many young adults are essentially postponing adulthood and all
of the family responsibilities and extra costs that go along with
it," said Mark Mather, an associate vice president at the private
Population Reference Bureau. He described a shift toward a new U.S.
norm, one that's commonly seen in Europe, in which more people wait
until their 30s to leave the parental nest.
"Some of these changes started before the recession, but now they
are accelerating, with effects on families that could be long-term,"
Mather said.
The District of Columbia plus 14 states had the largest ratios of
college graduates to high-school dropouts, more than 3 to 1. Several
of these places, including the District of Columbia and states with
larger immigrant populations, had the widest income gaps between
rich and poor.
The number of Hispanic children in poverty rose by half a million
to 6.1 million last year, making up a majority of the increase in
total child poverty. Hispanics now comprise 37 percent of children
in poverty, compared with 30 percent for whites and 27 percent for
blacks.
"We are really at a crossroads," said William H. Frey, a
demographer at the Brookings Institution. "These new young
immigrants and their children need a pathway to the middle class --
good educations, affordable housing and jobs -- at the same time
federal and state budgets are strapped for funds. While we face
tough choices, the quality of our future labor force depends on
meeting their needs."
Other census findings:
-
About 1 in 4
families with children is headed by single mothers, a record.
Among young families with a head of household younger than 30,
the poverty rate jumped from 30 percent in 2007 to 37 percent.
In contrast, poverty remained at a low 5.7 percent for families
with a head of household 65 or older.
-
The number of
households receiving food stamps swelled by 2 million to 13.6
million, meaning that nearly 1 in 8 receives the government aid.
Among households receiving food stamps, more than half have
children.
The 2010 numbers are from the American Community Survey, which
queries 3 million households. In some cases, figures are
supplemented with data from the Current Population Survey to
establish historical trends.
[Associated Press]
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