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 The event was organized by Ruch Narodowy, or National Movement, a
Polish organization that opposes foreign influences, views
homosexuality as an illness and believes Poland is threatened by a
leftist revolution hatched in Brussels.
Chief attraction was Marton Gyongyosi, one of the leaders of
Hungarian far-right party Jobbik.
In a 20-minute speech, Gyongyosi addressed the crowd, mostly men in
their thirties and forties, as "our Polish brothers," and railed
against globalization, environmentalists, socialists, and what he
called a cabal of Western economic interests.
Poles needed to resist the forces hurting ordinary people, he said,
before urging "regional cooperation between our countries."
It is a familiar rallying cry. Far-right groups have emerged or
grown stronger across Europe in the wake of the financial crisis,
and they are increasingly sharing ideas and tactics. Reuters has
found ties between at least half a dozen of the groups in Europe's
ex-Communist east. At the network's heart, officials from those
groups say, sits Jobbik.
The party won 20.54 percent of the vote in Hungary's parliamentary
election on April 6, up from the 15.86 percent it won in 2010,
cementing its status as by far the largest far-right group in
Eastern Europe.
From its strong base at home, Jobbik has stepped up efforts to
export its ideology and methods to the wider region, encouraging
far-right parties to run in next month's European parliamentary
elections, and propagating a brand of nationalist ideology which is
so hardline and so tinged with anti-Semitism, that some rightist
groups in Western Europe have distanced themselves from the
Hungarians.
The spread of Jobbik's ideology has alarmed anti-racism campaigners,
gay rights activists, and Jewish groups. They believe it could fuel
a rise in racially-motivated, anti-Semitic or homophobic street
attacks. Longer-term, they say, it could help the far-right gain
more political power.
In a statement sent to Reuters, Jobbik said that it hoped the people
of central and eastern Europe would unite in an "alliance that
spreads from the Adriatic to the Baltic Sea," to counter what it
called Euro-Atlantic suppression.
Jobbik rejected any link between the growing strength of radical
nationalists and violence. "Jobbik condemns violence, and its
members cannot be linked to such acts either," it said.
SPREADING IDEOLOGY
The day after Gyongyosi's speech last November, Jobbik's leader,
Gabor Vona, addressed another rally in a Warsaw park.
"The path to final victory involves a million small steps," he told
the crowd, through a translator. "You should take up this challenge.
Take part in the European elections."
The crowd chanted: "Poland and Hungary are brothers!"
As they marched through the city earlier that day, some of the
Polish participants fought pitched battles with police and set fire
to a rainbow sculpture erected as a symbol of diversity.
Poland is not the only example of Jobbik's regional outreach.
Far-right groups in Poland, Slovakia, Croatia, and Bulgaria told
Reuters they have ties with fellow parties in several countries in
the region. Jobbik sat at the center of that web, the only one with
contacts with all the parties.
Nick Griffin, leader of the British National Party (BNP), one of the
few far right parties in Western Europe with close relations with
Jobbik, said the Hungarian party is the driving force behind efforts
to forge a far-right coalition.
Other groups say they admire the party because of its success in
Hungary and its organizational muscle. Jobbik appears to operate on a shoestring. It has an annual budget
of $2.34 million, according to the Hungarian state audit office,
most of it from a state allowance to parties in parliament. Jobbik
denies giving financial aid to other groups, but it can afford its
own staff, travel, and facilities — all factors that enhance its
influence.
"Jobbik is a market leader of sorts," Gyongyosi said. "There are
shared values, and the way Jobbik grew big, why could the same thing
not happen elsewhere?"
"AGAINST THE DICTATES OF BRUSSELS"
Broadly speaking those shared values include a strong opposition to
Brussels, a dislike of immigrants, and a suspicion of Jews and of
the Roma, an ethnic minority who number about 10 million in Eastern
Europe and who have faced centuries of discrimination.
Hromoslav Skrabak, leader of 19-year-old Slovakian group Slovenska
Pospolitost, has argued for racial segregation and "humanitarian"
methods to reduce Roma fertility. Skrabak said his group cooperates
with far-right groups in Belarus, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary,
Poland, Romania, and Serbia to jointly fight "against the dictate of
Brussels," and to spread the idea of pan-Slavism, a union of ethnic
Slavs.
Frano Cirko, a member of the Croatian Pure Party of Rights, said
cooperation between far-right groups helped take on "neo-liberal"
capitalism, which he said threatened national values in Europe and
made it too easy for foreign firms to buy Croatian companies.
Angel Dzhambazki, deputy leader of Bulgaria's VMRO, a movement that
has its roots in the late 19th century and was revived in 1990, said
its "close cooperation" with Jobbik and a Croatian group had helped
it grow. "We invite them to participate in our meetings, and at the
same time we take part in events organized by them."
VRMO is in the process of forming a coalition with a new populist
party called Bulgaria Without Censorship. A poll by Bulgaria's
Institute of Modern Politics showed that, together, the parties
would have 5.6 percent support for the European Parliament election,
putting them third and giving them a chance of winning one of
Bulgaria's allocation of 17 seats. The elections for the European
Parliament take place on May 22-25 in all 28 member states of the
bloc.
WESTERN FRONT
Jobbik has had less success in Western Europe, where more
established nationalist parties reject its anti-Semitic views. In 2012, Jobbik's
Gyongyosi told the Hungarian parliament that Jews were a threat to national
security and should be registered on lists. He later apologized and said he had
been misunderstood. But parties such as the Dutch Party of Freedom, which is
staunchly pro-Israel, and France's National Front, which has sought to move away
from its anti-Semitic past, are both wary of the Hungarian group.
[to top of second column] |
 Jobbik's principal ally in Western Europe is the British National
Party. Griffin, its leader, said the BNP and Jobbik were working
together on building a functioning bloc of nationalists within the
European Parliament.
"I would say probably I do more of the work in eastern and southern
Europe than they (Jobbik) do, whereas they tend to concentrate on
the center and the east," Griffin said in a telephone interview.
Opinion polls in Britain suggest the BNP will lose the two seats it
currently holds in the European parliament.
One far-right party that polls predict will win seats in Brussels is
Greece's Golden Dawn, which says it wants to rid the country of the
"stench" of immigrants. But Jobbik told Reuters Golden Dawn was
"unfit" for the Hungarian party to cooperate with. Golden Dawn
spokesman Ilias Kasidiaris said there was no official cooperation
with Jobbik.
Cas Mudde, assistant professor at the School for Public and
International Affairs at the University of Georgia in the United
States, said that Jobbik is driven in part to look for allies "to
show that it is not some kind of marginal phenomenon. There are two
ways to do that: You can do it nationally, which is very hard, or
you can do it internationally by saying: 'Look, we have friends all
over the place.'"
"THIS IS DANGEROUS"
Last May, the World Jewish Congress (WJC) urged European governments
to consider banning neo-Nazi parties that threatened democracy and
minority rights. The WJC met in the Hungarian capital Budapest to
underscore its concerns about Jobbik.
Rafal Pankowski from Never Again, a Polish anti-racist association
that tracks cases of racially motivated violence, said he feared
that Jobbik's efforts to spread its tactics and ideology could lead
to more violence against minorities.
"This is dangerous," he said of Jobbik's international influence.
"If similar groups in other countries copy this model ... then the
situation might worsen."
Robert Biedron, a gay member of the Polish parliament, said Polish
far-right activists ran a website called Red Watch where they posted
pictures and personal details of people they described as "queers
and deviants," as well as lists of left-wing activists and Jewish
academics.
Biedron reported to police that he was beaten up in Warsaw at the
end of February in what he believes was a homophobic attack.
Biedron said he did not expect Ruch Narodowy to win seats in this
year's European election, but the Polish party's support was rising,
and it had a chance in next year's Polish parliamentary polls. If
that happens, he said, it will use parliament to promote its
rhetoric "based on hate for others."
Jobbik's network-building has been most successful in Poland in part
because Poland and Hungary have no historical claims on each other's
territory, an issue that has often hindered cooperation between
Jobbik and nationalists from other neighbors.
PARAMILITARIES
On a sandy riverbank in the shadow of a bridge over the river
Vistula, members of the paramilitary arm of Ruch Narodowy rehearsed
for their role as stewards before November's rally in Warsaw.
Some looked like the stereotype of far-right skinheads. Others were
middle-class professionals. One showed up in an Audi saloon, another
in an expensive sports utility vehicle. The unit's leader,
Przemyslaw Czyzewski, said several members were lawyers.
A diagram of the organization's structure showed it had a
military-style hierarchy, and units called "choragiew", a word which
was used in the past to describe Polish cavalry formations.
Explaining why he decided to join the unit, one man said he wanted
to defend Polish values under threat from foreign influences. "I
finally had to do something," said the man, in his thirties, who did
not give his name.
The group denies it takes its inspiration from Hungary, but it has
striking similarities with Jobbik's paramilitary wing, called
"Magyar Garda," or Hungarian Guard. In 2008 a court ruled that
Magyar Garda threatened the dignity of Roma and Jewish people. The
group disbanded but was quickly replaced by a similar organization.
Robert Winnicki, the bookish, bespectacled 28-year-old leader of
Ruch Narodowy, has described homosexuality as "a plague" and talked
of creating a "new type of Pole" disciplined enough to take on the
country's enemies.
He told Reuters that the aim of his movement's contacts with foreign
peers was to "exchange experiences, learn from each other."
Winnicki traveled to Hungary in March last year to address a rally
of Jobbik activists.
"Inspired by your example, we are organizing a national movement
today in Poland," he told his Hungarian hosts, according to a
published transcript.
"An army is quickly growing in Poland which soon, on its section of
the front, will join the battle that you are conducting. And
together we will march to victory."
(Additional reporting by Marton Dunai in Budapest, Renee Maltezou in
Athens, Tsvetelia Tsolova and Angel Krasimirov in; Sofia, Robert
Muller in Prague, and Zoran Radosavljevic and Igor Ilic in Zagreb;
editing by Simon Robinson and Sara Ledwith)
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