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 Pardoned by President Vladimir Putin in December after 10 years in
jail for fraud and tax evasion, Khodorkovsky, 50, has bowed out of
the ring, but the ex-managers and shareholders of Yukos fight on for
compensation from the Russian Federation.
A business once worth $40 billion that pumped two percent of the
world's oil, Yukos was broken up and nationalized after
Khodorkovsky's arrest in 2003. Most of its assets are now owned by
Russian state oil major Rosneft <ROSN.MM>.
The two main lawsuits, one brought by former Yukos managers at the
European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg and one by shareholders
at the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague, could be decided
this year, according to those involved.
After the sudden release of Khodorkovsky, plaintiffs in the cases
made clear they wanted to push forward with their cases.
Allies say Khodorkovky's imprisonment and the subsequent dismantling
of his business empire were caused by his funding of Putin opponents
and his public accusations about state corruption, which the Kremlin
denies.
"When I went to Russia it was to be a part of what I saw as a
country going in the right direction," said Ohio-born Bruce Misamore,
the ex-finance chief of Yukos who is still seeking compensation nine
years after fleeing Russia for America.
"We were doing everything right. Then Mr. Putin turned into a despot
and stole the company back. Things haven't been the same in Russia
since," Misamore said in an interview.
In the defining power struggle of Putin's first presidency,
Khodorkovsky was arrested in 2003 at gunpoint at a Siberian
airfield. A court found him guilty of tax evasion and fraud.
Khodorkovsky's jailing was seen by many as sending a warning to
Russia's big businessmen to keep out of politics and ushering in a
new era of Kremlin capitalism in which Putin associates prospered. A
former Putin aide, Igor Sechin, now runs Rosneft, the world's top
listed oil firm by output thanks to Yukos legacy assets.
Since Khodorkovsky's pardon and the release in January of his
business partner Platon Lebedev, the Russian government has made it
clear this clemency would have no effect on the legal battles
surrounding the Yukos breakup.
Putin has not discussed the cases since he pardoned Khodorkosky in
December. In televised comments, Putin once defended the tycoon's
imprisonment, declaring: "A thief must be in jail."
"LITIGATION WILL CONTINUE"
The Kremlin declined to comment on the legal wrangles, referring
inquiries to the justice ministry which ruled out any out-of-court
settlement.
Claire Davidson, a Yukos spokeswoman, said: "Litigation will
continue on behalf of all shareholders. The release of Mr.
Khodorkovsky doesn't change anything."
Legal experts and Kremlin watchers describe the plaintiffs' chances
of an outright win in court as slim, after an interim ruling by the
ECHR in 2011 found partly in favor of the Russian Federation.
"It will end in compromise," said Alexander Rahr, research director
of the German-Russian Forum, a non-governmental group, expressing a
view shared by a number of independent lawyers who spoke on
condition of anonymity because the case was ongoing.
"Khodorkovsky and Lebedev are out. The European Court for Human
Rights will make a political decision. It will not put Russia in the
stocks," added Rahr, who played a backstage role in negotiating
Khodorkovsky's release, giving him a first-hand insight into the
complex affair.
Asked about possible outcomes, the ECHR's press office declined to
comment and said that it could not provide a timeframe for a
judgment on the matter of "just satisfaction", or compensation.
Yukos, which at one point made Khodorkovsky the world's richest man
under 40, first petitioned the ECHR in 2004.
The oil group accused Russia of imposing bogus taxes, stealing
assets in sham auctions and unlawfully bankrupting the company. Its
initial $100-billion suit was scaled back to an undisclosed sum,
described by Misamore as "mega billions".
Moscow has argued that its seizure and freezing orders against Yukos
were "appropriate ... because of the unprecedented amounts of the
tax debts".
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In its 2011 ruling, the ECHR described the tax claims as lawful but
said they had been enforced in violation of Yukos's property rights.
It granted Yukos leave to seek "just satisfaction". Yukos plaintiffs
await a verdict.
Separately, Gibraltar-based Group Menatep, through which
Khodorkovsky controlled Yukos and which now exists as holding
company GML, is pushing an arbitration claim for more than $100
billion. This accuses Russia of expropriating Yukos without
compensation and is the biggest commercial legal case ever. Asked
whether Russia would consider itself bound by any financial award by
the ECHR, the justice ministry said it would be "inappropriate" to
comment before judgment was handed down. The finance ministry did
not comment on how Moscow might respond to any judgment against it
in The Hague.
Yukos became a hit with U.S. investors as Khodorkovsky boosted
transparency, expanded output and paid out dividends. An investor
who bought Yukos stock after Russia's 1998 crash would have amassed
paper profits of up to 1,000 percent.
Tens of thousands of individual U.S. investors who lost their money
are seeking $12 billion in redress with assistance from the State
Department. Litigation is not a viable route for them as Moscow and
Washington have not signed any investment treaty.
State Department officials have raised Yukos investors' concerns at
deputy prime minister level.
"Russia is trying to attract foreign investment and there is
increasing pressure from the U.S. Congress on the U.S.
administration to be advocating for American shareholders in Yukos
so there should be some movement in 2014," said Marney Cheek, a
partner at law firm Covington & Burling which is representing some
U.S. investors in Yukos.
FLIGHT TO ISRAEL
After he was jailed for fraud and tax evasion, Khodorkovsky ceded
his controlling interest in Menatep, which owned 60 to 70 percent of
Yukos, to Russian-born Leonid Nevzlin, a business partner who had
fled to Israel to avoid prosecution.
Insisting he was wealthy enough not to have to work, Khodorkovsky
said after his release that he was not seeking to regain what was
left of his business. It was not clear whether this statement was a
condition for him being freed.
A spokesman for Khodorkovsky declined to elaborate on the comments
which were made immediately after he swapped the cramped conditions
of Corrective Colony No.7 near the Arctic Circle for Berlin's luxury
Adlon Hotel.
Nevzlin said Khodorkovsky "showed no interest" in Yukos when they
were reunited in Israel in the New Year.
"It just wasn't possible to discuss business with him," Nevzlin told
independent channel TV Rain on January 10. He said he would continue
to take the lead for GML's core shareholders. Nevzlin was not
available to comment to Reuters.
If Khodorkovsky claimed no Yukos monies, his present wealth would be
based on what he saved before he was arrested.
"You can be sure we are not talking about multi-billions of dollars;
we are talking maybe hundreds of millions," said one source who has
advised Khodorkovsky in the past and who spoke on condition of
anonymity.
The former tycoon has said he cannot return to Russia as there are
no assurances he will be able to leave again. A court order that he
and Lebedev pay 17 billion roubles ($500 million) in tax arrears
remains in force.
(Additional reporting by Steve Gutterman
in Moscow and Arshad Mohammed in Washington)
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