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 "Falls are one of the most common causes of injury
for older individuals and as the world population ages, the number
of fall-related injuries are projected to increase rapidly," said
lead author Rebecca Mitchell.
"Likewise, rates of overweight and obesity among older individuals
are also increasing," added Mitchell, a researcher with Neuroscience
Research Australia at the University of New South Wales.
Mitchell and her colleagues wanted to determine whether overweight
and obesity added to the risk of falling among older adults, as well
as the risk of being injured in a fall.
The researchers used information from the New South Wales Prevention
Baseline Survey, a large Australian population study started in
2009.
A total of 5,681 people 65 years of age and older were asked about
their history of falling, their perception of their own risk of
falling, their general health status, medication use and activity
levels.
Participants who had fallen one or more times in the previous 12
months as a result of accidentally losing their balance, tripping or
slipping were also asked how many of those falls resulted in injury
and how many required medical attention or led to hospital
admission.
According to the results published in the Australian and New Zealand
Journal of Public Health, 23 percent of healthy-weight respondents
had fallen once during the previous 12 months and 34 percent had
fallen more than once.
About 30 percent of obese respondents fell once and another 45
percent fell more than once, making the overall fall risk 31 percent
higher in the obese group.
The obese participants who fell didn't have any higher risk of
fall-related injuries compared to healthy-weight people who fell,
but they were more likely to have other health conditions — such as
heart disease, diabetes and high blood pressure — and to report
being in moderate or extreme discomfort.
Those who were obese and fell were also more likely to be taking
four or more prescription medications.
"It is difficult to know for certain why the risk of falling
increases for obese individuals, but it is likely to be as a result
of reduced peripheral sensation, general physical weakness and
instability when standing or walking," Mitchell said.
There are a number of common risk factors that can increase any
older person's risk of falling, she added.
"These can include individual factors such as: poor health,
instability when standing or walking, some health conditions, such
as poor vision or dementia, lack of physical activity, use of
multiple medications that can affect balance, and a poor diet,"
Mitchell said.
Risks can also be in an older person's environment, including
"uneven or slippery floors, unsecured floor coverings, such as rugs,
inappropriate footwear or eyewear, or inadequate lighting," she
said.
"As to why fall-related injuries do not increase for obese
individuals this is likely to be as a result of adipose tissue (fat)
protecting bone," Mitchell said.
Compared to the healthy-weight group, the obese participants in the
study were more likely to be sedentary for eight or more hours a
day, to walk less, to have problems walking and to believe that
nothing could be done to prevent falls.
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Mitchell and her colleagues point out that obesity is associated
with a higher risk of certain chronic illnesses, but also that
chronic conditions such as lung disease and arthritis can limit
activity, leading to weight gain.
To reduce the risk of falls among obese older people, tailored
activity programs, such as strength and balance training, as well as
home safety assessments and eyesight checks could all be of benefit,
they write.
"Everybody knows how falls can be life-changers for older people,
from breaking a hip to hitting your head, so if we can prevent them
that's always better and there's a lot that can be done," Dr. Sharon
Brangman told Reuters Health.
Brangman, who is Chief of Geriatrics at SUNY Upstate University
Hospital in Syracuse, New York, and a past president of the American
Geriatric Society (AGS), was not involved in the new study.
"We know that when people fall, the biggest problem afterwards is
a fear of falling because then they move less or when they walk they
hold themselves really rigid and tight which actually increases the
risk for falling," Brangman said.
The American Geriatric Society published fall prevention guidelines
for physicians in 2012, she noted. Though they are intended for
doctors, some of the suggestions may help families assess the risk
in their homes (see: http://bit.ly/1cWjB86).
According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
about one of every three Americans over age 65 suffers a fall, and
every year 2 million of those falls result in emergency room visits.
The AGS guidelines were intended to encourage healthcare providers
to ask about falls, according to Brangman, "because a lot of times
it's not asked and patients don't volunteer it because they don't
want anyone to know. They're so afraid that will mean they need to
be placed in long-term care or something."
Brangman said that sometimes patients who are overweight might
need a little extra support to realize that their situation isn't
hopeless and that there are things they can do, such as starting an
exercise program.
Strengthening the quadriceps muscle group at the front of the thighs
is especially recommended.
"Exercise programs that are tailored to the individual can make a
difference, and it's really never too late to start doing
something," Brangman said. "Balance and strengthening exercises,
especially exercises that strengthen the quads, are very important
in preventing falls in the future." ___ Source: http://bit.ly/1nH4K6M
Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, online Feb.
4, 2014.
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