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 It is torn between its Soviet past, a corrupt and unhappy present
and a future somewhere between Russia and the West.
Below his plinth on Lenin Square, protesters bemoan the fall of a
local boy made good, president Viktor Yanukovich. Some hope Russia
may do for the Donbass coalfield what it did in Crimea — claim
Russian-speaking borderlands for Moscow, bringing higher pensions,
wages and a return to a Soviet comfort zone.
But the Bolshevik leader stands today in the shadow cast by a new
glass tower where Ukraine's richest man, miner's son Rinat Akhmetov,
runs a $12-billion business empire and ponders his next move
following the overthrow of former ally Yanukovich as leader of a
country ranked as the most corrupt in Europe.
Lenin's chiseled words praise the region's role in "building
socialism". But along the city's main artery, sports cars roar past
luxury stores, and the occasional beggar, along the route from an
ageing steelworks to the space-age stadium that houses the
multinational squad of Akhmetov's soccer team, FC Shakhtar.
Many locals, in a region where monthly pay averages less than $400,
curse him and his ilk as parasites and crooks.
Yet he is "more popular than we can imagine", one Western diplomat
said. German Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier called
Akhmetov a man "whose word counts round here" and left their meeting
last week saying the businessman would help stifle separatism and
support liberal reforms.
After 23 years of independence, the paradoxes and interplay of money
and politics in Ukraine, of corruption and democracy, of ties to
Russia and the West, of a national history marked by regional and
linguistic rivalries, are nowhere more evident than in this city of
a million and its region, home to one Ukrainian in 10 and producing
a fifth of the country's industrial output.
How Donetsk and the wider Don basin respond to the collapse of
Yanukovich's hold on national power and his flight to Russia from
pro-Western protesters in distant Kiev will help determine whether
the Ukrainian state holds together and whether it may finally offer
most of its people prosperity and the rule of law.
An election on May 25 to replace Yanukovich — all candidates should
be known next week — may confirm Ukraine on the course set by its
interim government, of ties to the European Union and IMF-prescribed
market reforms, after the ousted leader triggered his downfall by
shunning an EU deal in favor of Russian aid.
Founded by a 19th-century Welsh engineer called Hughes who called it
Yuzovka after himself, renamed Stalino as it drove the
industrialization of the Soviet Union, today's Donetsk can shape the
next stage of Ukraine's slow emergence from totalitarian rule in the
fraught space between Russia and the European Union.
PARADOX AND CONTRAST
Stand on Lenin Square, though, among the Russian tricolors and
Soviet red flags, and the utter confusion of emotions unleashed by
last month's bloody events in the capital is clear.
Denouncing wage cuts and the power of oligarchs who made fortunes in
the murky years after the Soviet collapse in 1991, a permanent
protest picket calls for the return of the ousted president. Yet
Yanukovich's 2010 election campaign was funded by Akhmetov and the
president oversaw four years of stagnation as his own family became,
by repute, among the country's richest.
"He's not the worst of them," said pensioner Valentina Petrovna in
justifying her support for the fallen leader during a rally by 3,000
people on Lenin Square last weekend.
Voicing indignation that the opulence of Yanukovich's home had been
exposed to public scorn, she said the same treatment should be
accorded other politicians — notably arch-rival Yulia Tymoshenko and
other enormously wealthy presidential contenders.
"You have to have money to run for president," she shrugged when
asked if she might prefer a leader not from the super-rich.
Alexander Bukalov, a civil rights activist, said many in eastern
Ukraine had got used to following strong leaders: "The oligarchs are
powerful because it doesn't offend people," he said. "Yanukovich has
left a void. Who will protect them now?"
At the same time, he said, anger on the streets reflected a mix of
frustrations among different groups of people all boiling over at
once — with living standards, with seemingly deadlocked politics in
Kiev and with two decades of post-Soviet corruption.
Support for Yanukovich, who four years ago swept the heavily
populated east to defeat Tymoshenko for the presidency, is now a
minority view, even in Donetsk, where he rose from delinquent youth
to governor. A poll early this month showed two thirds of people in
eastern Ukraine approved of his removal.
But if his downfall is little mourned, the aftermath of his
overthrow at the hands of a protest movement spearheaded by
club-wielding ultranationalists who battled with riot police has
thrown divisions between Ukraine's east and west into relief.
"We were all against Yanukovich," said Albert, a former policeman in
Donetsk who now runs a small tourism business. "He was our plague.
But the fascists and those people in the west have exploited the
situation and now they're coming for us."
That fear, reinforced by coverage on widely watched Russian state
television, helped drive Crimeans to embrace annexation by President
Vladimir Putin and calls in the east to seek Moscow's protection
from moves against the Russian language and toward free trade with
the EU that could hurt eastern industry.
"The Americans paid the fascists," said a woman in a pink Italian
puffer jacket as she juggled a pro-Yanukovich banner, a cup of
McDonald's coffee and her "Donbass Communist" newspaper.
"People in Kiev just want our money and don't want to work."
A poll showed over half of easterners viewed the government in Kiev
as illegitimate, compared to 10 percent in the west.
SEPARATISM STALLS
A month ago, separatists briefly took over the Donetsk governor's
office, raising the Russian flag. The regional assembly voted to
hold a Crimea-style referendum on autonomy. A Ukrainian nationalist was stabbed to death two weeks ago in a
clash with anti-Kiev protesters on Lenin Square. But since then,
despite Western warnings of Russian troops massing on Ukraine's
eastern borders, tension has eased. Moscow denies having ambitions
to take territory beyond Crimea.
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Serhiy Taruta, the steel magnate named regional governor, has swept
suspected separatist sympathizers from key posts in the police and
other services and tightened frontier controls to keep out
"political tourists" — Moscow agents.
Assurances from the Western-backed Kiev government of rights to use
Russian in official contacts may ease concerns of people in the
east, for most of whom Russia is the first language, even among the
region's 57-percent ethnic Ukrainian majority.
Some activists in western Ukraine, where historic Austrian rather
than Russian rule fostered a national identity around the Ukrainian
language, have wanted to bind the new state together by suppressing
Russian in favor of their related Slavic tongue. As important,
however, in keeping the east loyal to Kiev may be promises of
decentralization, giving people — and their oligarch leaders — more
control of local resources, as well as possibly security and
judicial processes.
Unlike in Crimea, where enthusiasm for Russian citizenship was
widespread, few people in Donetsk express a strong desire to be
ruled by Moscow. Instead they want more say over local affairs,
especially now the Donetsk clan round Yanukovich no longer holds
sway in Kiev.
"We don't want to be like Crimea. But we want a lot of autonomy,"
said Denis Alexandrovich, 37, a Russian language teacher standing
under Lenin's statue. "I love Russia. I have family in Russia," he
said. "But I want to live in Ukraine.
"This is where my grandparents' graves are."
The regional flag of Donetsk, a sun in the blue and yellow of
Ukraine rising over a black sea, flies over demonstrations. Since
Soviet days, the main avenue has been named for the leader of the
short-lived Donetsk Republic of 1918. Pride in the local work ethic
is fierce; it was here Soviet propagandists found the miner
Stakhanov and made "stakhanovite" a byword for hard toil.
At the Donetsk State University of Management, where 19-year-old
Rita and other students played down ethnic tensions and spoke of
high hopes for founding their own businesses, unease at events in
Kiev also revolved around concerns for the economy:
"We're not like Kiev. People here work and only protest at
weekends," said staff member Yelena Yudina, 36.
Donetsk oligarchs harness such local particularism. Akhmetov and
Taruta own the city's two big soccer clubs, whose names mean Miner
and Steelman respectively. Business magnates support local
philanthropic causes and trumpet investment in the area, even if
they also make headlines abroad, as Akhmetov did in 2011 when he
paid over $200 million for the most expensive home in London.
CORRUPTION CLEANUP?
Taruta says he has no doubt billionaires can lead a fair and
democratic society and talks of curbing corruption to get investors
"lining up" to put money into Donetsk.
At the Donetsk Steel Works, DMZ, near the center of a city dotted
with pit winding gear and slag heaps, workers coming off shift as
the hooter blew agreed their main hope was for investment — and an
end to political upheaval.
An EU diplomat, advocating Western economic aid to the east, said:
"No one is keen for annexation by Russia if the local economic
situation is all right."
Foreign investment may please the Donbass oligarchs but, for all
that Western powers seem ready to prop up Ukraine against Russia,
cash may come at a price of some reform in a system that has left
Ukraine the most corrupt country in Europe, on a par with Nigeria in
the Transparency International rankings.
Pledges of a clean-up from a political elite formed by the very
people who benefited from that system may sound hollow. Donetsk
governor Taruta acknowledges there is a record of broken promises
but said now was different.
Some analysts argue the scare over Russian expansion and bloodshed
on the streets may galvanize the elite into backing anti-graft,
open-market reforms to stabilize Ukraine.
A typical oligarch "has already made his fortune, by whatever means,
the Western diplomat said. "Now he needs rules and a fight against
corruption to keep what he has safe."
For human rights activist Bukalov, the ordinary Ukrainian in the
east may also be developing a "political maturity" after the initial
shock at the fall of Yanukovich's Donetsk "Family".
Describing the protests against Yanukovich on Kiev's Maidan square
as "for values, for freedom and respect" in contrast to
counter-demonstrations in Donetsk as "all about wages", Bukalov said
time, and the loss of Crimea, had given easterners a chance to
consider the benefits of sharing in a new start in Kiev.
"Donetsk people are starting to think," he said. "Yanukovich did
more for democracy in Ukraine than anyone else. In opposing him,
Ukrainians have learned to stand up for themselves."
But a positive scenario after the past month's drama, in which the
east and west of the country rally behind a new, clean political and
economic system, will not develop overnight.
On Lenin Square, a pensioner named Lyubov has heard too much fine
talk before: "The oligarchs are there in their palaces and we work
all our lives for nothing."
(Additional reporting by Lina Kushch and Sabine Siebold;
editing by
Giles Elgood)
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