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 In 1989, the Walt Disney Company announced a public share offering
of its young European arm. It was the continent’s largest-ever IPO
to that point and analysts said Euro Disney stock promised "good
long-term returns."
Zemirou bought in, and has regretted it ever since. Her original
1992 investment would have lost 95 percent of its value by now.
"It's too bad they didn't give us paper share certificates,” said
the grandmother and former high school principal, who still has 100
shares worth about 3 euros ($3.4)each. "At least we could have
framed them, as souvenirs.”
Zemirou says she feels duped. She heads Euro Disney's investor club
and is one of 1,000 or so investors who are furious at the way Euro
Disney, which is raising fresh capital in the face of insolvency,
has been run. The Paris-listed firm has recorded losses in 16 of its
23 years, despite owning Europe's top tourist destination with about
14 million visitors per year.
Euro Disney managers say the firm has struggled because initial
projections were too optimistic and the park borrowed too heavily.
They also blame a lack of visitors, Europe’s weak economy and, in
many years, guests who spend too little on food and merchandise.
Shareholders do not dispute there are difficulties, but point to
another factor: U.S.-based Walt Disney Company, which owns 40
percent of Euro Disney, extracts tens of millions of euros annually
from the European firm by charging it a host of fees and royalties
for everything from operating a call center to the use of
intellectual property.
Those charges cost Euro Disney around 10 percent of its annual
revenue – too much, shareholders say, for it to become profitable.
As evidence, they point out that all the years the European firm did
turn a profit for shareholders were between 1995 and 2001, a period
when Walt Disney Company had suspended most of its charges.
Euro Disney Chief Financial Officer Mark Stead rejects the
complaint. Fees, he said, are priced at “market rates” or lower. He
pointed to similar fees for Tokyo Disneyland which amount to about 7
percent of its revenue. Disney, which does not own Tokyo Disneyland,
would not suspend such charges if a retailer selling its branded
products fell on hard times, for instance. Why should it for Euro
Disney?
But shareholders say this argument is flawed because Disney, as
part-owner of Euro Disney, has a shared responsibility in the firm’s
financial well-being. Yet Disney charged further fees and even
raised them as Euro Disney fell on hard times.
A Disney spokeswoman said the Burbank, California-based firm had
“consistently demonstrated its commitment” to supporting Euro Disney
and, in addition to waiving fees in the mid-1990s, had deferred
payment on some of its fees.
Multinational firms regularly shift revenue between different
divisions to minimize the taxes they have to pay. In Euro Disney’s
case, finance experts and shareholders argue that such transfers
have been used primarily to channel revenue to one dominant
shareholder over others. Those transfers, as well as management
mistakes, have led to under-investment in the French theme park,
some shareholders say, hurting visitors' experience.
Broken-down rides, hotels needing renovation, long queues at
restaurants and shortened opening hours have dragged down visitor
satisfaction, company documents show.
Euro Disney acknowledges the need for new investment. It won
shareholder approval on Jan. 13 for a recapitalization plan to cut
debt, renovate the park and set it on a firmer financial footing.
The Walt Disney Company, which purchased Euro Disney’s debt load
from French banks in 2012, says it aims to reduce the
1.7-billion-euro debt to about 1 billion euros and improve Euro
Disney’s cash position by about 250 million euros.
Virginie Calmels, head of Euro Disney’s supervisory board, told
shareholders that the strategy would “finally put the firm on the
path to profitability.”
But some shareholders – there are around 56,000 – no longer trust
such assurances.
They are angry that the operation will give the parent company up to
82 percent in Euro Disney. In addition to Disney’s stake, 10 percent
of Euro Disney’s equity is held by Saudi Prince Al Waleed bin Talal,
and 6 percent by U.S. investment firm Invesco. Both declined to
comment. The rest of the equity is held by small shareholders in
Europe.
Under terms laid out in a letter to investors last October, Euro
Disney proposes that small shareholders triple their initial
investment to keep the same stake proportionally. Alternately, they
can sell purchase options for new shares and make a small gain. If
they do nothing, they will lose money.
"After so many years of losses the fair thing to do would be to buy
everyone out at a decent price," said shareholder Pierre-Alain Le
Duc. "Instead they're taking our shares when they are close to their
all-time low and securing the rest of the park's equity for a
bargain.""Last stop, everybody off - that's what they're telling
us."
“SHAREHOLDERS NOT THE MAIN CONCERN”The trouble at Euro Disney stems
from the firm's origins and ownership structure.
Pierre-Henri Leroy, head of the independent investment advisory firm
Proxinvest, says the 1987 agreement that established Euro Disney was
made to benefit Disney and the French state, whose main concern was
developing a depressed agricultural region east of Paris.In this,
Disney was a welcome guest. Some 55,000 jobs in the greater Paris
area depend, directly or indirectly, on Euro Disney, making it the
largest private employer in the Seine-et-Marne region, according to
a 2012 economic study commissioned by the government. The firm has
also paid 5.3 billion euros in various taxes to local and national
authorities since 1992.
In return, Disney has won a foothold in Europe, a storefront for its
merchandise and media properties, and prime access to 500 million
consumers.
The U.S. parent company has also made money from its French
adventure. Since 1992, royalty and management fees have added up to
975.69 million euros for the Walt Disney Company, according to
Reuters calculations based on financial reports. Euro Disney said
285 million euros of that was not paid as of 2014, but still owed to
Disney.
Add to that other Related-Party Transactions such as those for
developing and building rides, other services and financial charges,
and total charges reach at least 1.481 billion euros. Most of that
revenue goes to other holding firms in the Netherlands, which has a
tax-friendly policy for intellectual property. Disney says such
services are crucial to maintain high and consistent standards at
Euro Disney.
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Over the same period, Euro Disney has incurred total net losses
attributable to shareholders of more than 2 billion euros. As a
result, it has paid no corporate taxes. Even in its profitable
years, Euro Disney used “tax loss carry forwards,” which allow firms
that have incurred losses to avoid taxes.
The losses were almost inevitable according to Proxinvest’s Leroy,
who is not a Euro Disney shareholder but advised French investment
banks and corporations on the stock."To us it was clear from the
start that this was not a good investment,” he said. “I would never
have advised anyone to buy these shares because so much money was
being taken out through transactions with Disney.”
An official in former Prime Minister Jacques Chirac's government
when the deal was signed said the state had imposed a shared
ownership structure out of "patriotic sentiment," and had not
prioritized the protection of European shareholders."The
shareholders were not the main concern," said Christian Cardon,
mayor of Trouville in northern France and former chief of staff for
then Transport Minister Pierre Mehaignerie. Disney and the
government “didn't look too closely at the financial setup. If there
had been a purely private approach... with major private
shareholders, things would have been different."
WAITING TO PROFIT
The U.S. parent firm uses a corporate structure known as the "societe
en commandite par actions," or SCA. This set-up, used by a handful
of firms in France, allows Disney to manage Euro Disney via a
100-percent-owned subsidiary. It charges what Leroy and others call
"enormous" fees for Related-Party Transactions including royalties,
management, development, maintenance and other services.
These services are not only expensive, but sometimes inefficient,
shareholders say. Maintenance and upgrades cannot be performed on
most Disney-themed rides, hotels and restaurants, without using
Disney-controlled businesses. Shareholder Le Duc cited the example
of a hotel inside Disneyland Paris. Staff there were unable to open
windows because they had lost their only keys; replacements had to
be ordered from the United States.
All the fees add up to around 10 percent of Euro Disney’s revenue.
And that’s set to climb even further. As part of Euro Disney’s
turnaround plans, one of those charges, the management fee, will
rise to 6 percent on Oct. 1, 2018 from 1 percent now. Disney says
this will restore it to originally planned levels.
Euro Disney Chief Financial Officer Stead said Euro Disney
shareholders were aware of its fees and charges which had “always
been disclosed.”
It is not uncommon for parent firms to charge their subsidiaries
such fees. Disney says its royalty and management fees are priced at
market rates and less than what’s charged by some other sellers of
intellectual property. But some theme parks pay much less. Merlin
Entertainments, which operates the Legoland park near London, for
instance, paid Lego fees and royalties of around 2 percent in 2011
and 2012.
Euro Disney shareholders complain that they have held on to their
stock because of repeated assurances from management that it will
become profitable in the medium-term. In 2012, CEO Philippe Gas said
Euro Disney was “setting the stage for sustained long-term
profitability.”
When Supervisory board chief Virginie Calmels and CEO Tom Wolber
presented the rescue plans in Paris this month – Calmels said Euro
Disney will finally turn a profit in 2019 – guests hectored them
with shouting and accusations.
TROUBLING?
Shareholders also point to the fact that Euro Disney made money
during the years Disney suspended Related-Party Transactions
payments as evidence that the fees are an important cause of the
theme park’s losses.
Euro Disney faced its first financial crisis just two years after
opening. Walt Disney Company suspended royalty fees between 1994 and
1998, before reinstating them at half the normal rate until 2004.
The firm's profitable years came during this period. Euro Disney
warned in its 1995 financial report that reinstating full payment of
royalties and management fees would “have a significant impact on
the Group’s results of operations.”
That prediction came true. Euro Disney plunged back into the red in
2002, soon after an investment in a second park, Walt Disney
Studios. The second financial crunch led to a capital-raising
operation in 2004.
At that point, “they should have said: 'either we stop these fees,
or we buy back everyone's shares at a decent price.' But instead of
that they are coming back for more money," said Leroy. "Investors
have already lost their underwear. I find it troubling.”
A Disney spokeswoman said further deferring or waiving fees would
not have substantially improved Euro Disney’s liquidity situation.
Moez Bennouri, a finance professor at Rouen Business School, said
one problem is that auditors often struggle to determine the market
value of Related-Party Transactions. In Euro Disney’s case, all but
one financial analyst has given up reporting regularly on the stock.
The last to do so, financial services firm Oddo Securities, works
for Euro Disney to help ensure investors can trade in the company’s
shares.
A spokeswoman for Oddo said there is a Chinese wall between its
brokerage and corporate finance sections.
(Edited by Simon Robinson and Sara Ledwith)
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