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 NASA's New Horizons spacecraft passed by the ice-and-rock
planetoid and its entourage of five moons at 7:49 a.m. EDT (1149
GMT). The event culminated an initiative to survey the solar system
that the space agency embarked upon more than 50 years ago.
"Pluto just had its first visitor," President Obama posted on
Twitter. "Thanks NASA. It's a great day for discovery and American
leadership."
About 13 hours after its closest approach to Pluto, the last major
unexplored body in the solar system, New Horizons phoned home,
signaling that it had survived its 31,000 miles per hour(49,000 km
per hour) blitz through the Pluto system.
Managers had estimated there was a 1-in-10,000 chance a debris
strike could destroy New Horizons as it soared just 7,750 miles
(12,472 km) – about the distance from New York to Mumbai – from
Pluto.
But right on time, New Horizons made radio contact with flight
controllers at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Lab
outside Baltimore, sparking a wave of shouts and applause from an
overflow crowd gathered to watch the drama unfold.
With 99 percent of the data gathered during the encounter still on
the spaceship, New Horizons' survival was critical to the mission.
"This is a tremendous moment in human history," said John Grunsfeld,
NASA's associate administrator for science.
New Horizons spent more than eight hours after its closest approach
looking back at Pluto for a series of experiments to study the
planet's atmosphere and photograph its night-side using light
reflected off its primary moon Charon.
Sending back its first post-flyby signal took another
four-and-a-half hours, the time it takes radio signals, traveling at
light speed, to travel the 3 billion miles (4.88 billion km) back to
Earth.
Already, the trickle of images and measurements relayed from New
Horizons before Tuesday's pass by Pluto has changed scientists'
understanding of this diminutive world, which is smaller than
Earth's moon.
Once considered an icy, dead world, the planetoid has yielded signs
of geological activity, with evidence of past and possibly
present-day tectonics, or movements of its crust.
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"This is clearly a world where both geology and atmosphere
climatology play a role," said Alan Stern, New Horizons lead
scientist, with the Southwest Research Institute in Boulder,
Colorado. He noted that it appears that nitrogen and methane snow
fall on Pluto.
Pluto circles the sun every 248 years in a highly tilted orbit that
creates radical changes from season to season. Pluto travels closer
to the sun than the orbit of Neptune before it cycles back into the
solar system’s deep freeze more than 40 times farther away than
Earth.
Scientists have many questions about Pluto, which was still
considered the solar system's ninth planet when New Horizons was
launched in 2006. Pluto was reclassified as a "dwarf planet" after
the discovery of other Pluto-like spheres orbiting in the Kuiper
Belt, the region beyond the eighth planet, Neptune.
The objects are believed to be remnants from the formation of the
solar system 4.6 billion years ago.
"Now the solar system will be further opened up to us, revealing the
secrets of distant Pluto," British cosmologist Stephen Hawking said
in a message broadcast on NASA TV.
"We explore because we are human and we want to know. I hope that
Pluto will help us on that journey," Hawking said.
It will take about 16 months for New Horizons to transmit back all
the thousands of images and measurements taken during its pass by
Pluto. By then, the spacecraft will have traveled even deeper into
the Kuiper Belt, heading for a possible follow-on mission to one of
Pluto's cousins.
(Editing by Lisa Shumaker and Richard Pullin)
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