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 Scientists studied the behavior of Periplaneta americana, or the
American cockroach, when exposed to light. The tests were carried
out over a period of three months, with 16 cockroaches for each
trial released in a round arena beneath a bright light. In the
middle of that arena were two round "shelters" that provided shade
for the dark-loving insects. After being released, the insects were
left alone for three hours during which their locations were
recorded by a camera and a small chip placed on each roach's back.
These chips transmitted their location to a nearby computer where
researchers could monitor whether or not they were venturing out
into the open light or hiding under a shelter. The experiment was
then repeated twice more at later dates.
Issac Planas, the lead researcher on the project and a PhD student
at ULB, said the six-legged creatures made perfect test subjects
because of a combination of their decision-making abilities and the
extensive research that already exists on roaches.
"Cockroaches are a simple animal, but they can reach a complex
decision. So with little information, with little interactions, only
knowing if I have a partner here or not, only with this information,
they can make complex decisions," he said.
 As Planas explained, the purpose of the experiment was to look at
variances in group behavior and the way the group came to a
decision. Cockroaches are known for their aversion to light, but
also for their affinity for protection and groups. All of these
preferences influenced each cockroach's decisions in the arena.
As a result, while it might seem probable that they would all
quickly gather under the shelters, the study showed that the amount
of time it took for the entire group of roaches to settle under a
shelter varied. Planas attributed this result to the differences in
individual personalities and behavior: if one roach was quick to
settle under a shelter then it might encourage others to do the
same, reducing the total amount of time needed to achieve the end
result.
However, Planas also explained that though one cockroach's decision
might sway that of another, each cockroach was ultimately
responsible for its choice of whether it would remain in the light
or rest under the shelter. This distinguishes cockroaches from
certain other insects like ants and termites, who act according to a
social hierarchy.
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Planas said that this understanding was important because it meant
that the results of the study could be applied to animals with
similar behavior patterns.
"We have a group of equal individuals that reach a choice, can have
consensus decision making as we can see in sheep, bats, some monkey
species, fish, birds, for example, or also humans in this case," he
told Reuters.
What Planas said surprised him the most about the study was that no
matter what combination of personalities existed in the group, by
the end of the experiment all of the cockroaches ended up beneath
the shelters.
"The fact, and we didn't expect it, is that they always reach this
consensus," Planas explained. "So we expected that some groups have
more trouble than others to resist consensus or to choose a shelter,
but at the end, no, they always finished aggregated. So it is
something really inside the individuals or in the cockroaches. So
that was really, that was amazing."
The researchers say the varying personalities of the cockroaches
could explain their ability to adapt to new surroundings; with
'braver' cockroaches venturing out into new environments, while
others remain behind to see if the surroundings are safe.
Planas said he now plans to take his research a step further by
analyzing how individual cockroach behavior and learning affects the
group mentality.
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