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 More research is needed on the toxic components of smokeless tobacco
products and the health of people who use them, write the
researchers from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
"It’s not uncommon for people to use smokeless tobacco as an
alternative to cigarettes in an attempt to wean themselves off
smoking," said Dr. Frank Leone, who is director of the University of
Pennsylvania's Comprehensive Smoking Treatment Program in
Philadelphia. "There are much safer ways to substitute sources of
nicotine."
Patches, gum and inhalers are all types of alternative nicotine
sources, said Leone, who wasn't involved with the new study.
"There really is no safe form of tobacco," he told Reuters Health.
"Even types of tobacco that may be theoretically safer because of
their mode of delivery really depend on user specific details," such
as how much and how long people use tobacco products.
Smokeless tobacco - which includes chewing tobacco, snuff, dip, snus
and dissolvable tobacco - was used by about 7 percent of U.S. adult
males between 2012 and 2013, the researchers write in Cancer
Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention.
While it had been suggested that users of smokeless tobacco are
exposed to high levels of nicotine and cancer-causing agents, there
were few studies looking at those levels in people across the U.S.,
they write.
For the new study, the researchers analyzed information from 23,684
participants in national health surveys between 1999 and 2012. Using
data from blood and urine samples, they looked for markers used to
measure the addictive stimulant nicotine and cancer-causing NNK.
They found the level of cotinine, which is a marker for nicotine
exposure, was 0.043 nanograms/milliliter (ng/ml) in nonsmokers,
compared to about 180 ng/ml among smokeless tobacco users, about 131
ng/ml among cigarette users and about 184 ng/ml among people who
used both smokeless tobacco and cigarettes.
Levels of NNAL, which is a marker for NNK exposure, were about 0.98
micrograms per liter (ug/L) in nonsmokers, compared to 583 ug/L
among smokeless tobacco users, about 218 ug/L among cigarette users
and about 430 ug/L among people using both smokeless tobacco and
cigarettes.
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"The causes of these differences in exposure between cigarette and
smokeless tobacco users are not entirely understood," write the
researchers.
The lead author, Brian Rostron, was not available for interviews,
the FDA said.
Gideon St. Helen of the University of California, San Francisco's
Division of Clinical Pharmacology told Reuters Health that the new
findings don't mean smokeless tobacco is necessarily more harmful
than cigarettes.
"With tobacco smoke, there area lot of chemicals produced during
combustion," said St. Helen, who wasn't involved with the new
research.
He added that there are also variations in the NNK levels within
different smokeless tobacco products.
Recently, the FDA approved the sale of eight new smokeless tobacco
products, which are thought to be a less-toxic option for tobacco
users (see Reuters story of Nov. 10, 2015 here: http://reut.rs/1I1X4fw).
Dorothy Hatsukami, who studies tobacco at the University of
Minnesota in Minneapolis, said research like this is important to
educate consumers, evaluate the health of the nation and determine
public policy.
For example, she told Reuters Health, tobacco products can be
regulated by the FDA depending on their ingredients.
"It would seem to me this evidence supports why that would be
appropriate," said Hatsukami, who wasn't involved with the new
study.
SOURCE: http://bit.ly/1MHbiyQ Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and
Prevention, online November 18, 2015.
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