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 Yulia Stepanova, an international runner who was herself suspended
for doping offences, secretly recorded Russian coaches and athletes
over almost two years describing how they used performance-enhancing
drugs.
The 29-year-old's evidence formed a major part of an investigation
that led to Russian athletes being suspended from international
competition this month, triggering the deepest crisis in Russian
sport since the boycott-hit 1980 Moscow Olympics.
While her role has been described as courageous by supporters
abroad, at home she has faced accusations of being a liar, and of
betraying her countrymen for money or in exchange for a residence
permit in a wealthy country.
"She's a traitor," said Vladimir Kazarin, Stepanova's former coach
who was named as someone involved in doping in the investigation
report, commissioned by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). He
denies the allegations.
"She betrayed me, betrayed her homeland. That's why she's a
traitor," Kazarin told Russia's NTV broadcaster.
Before her accusations were made public last year, Stepanova and her
husband - who have a child of pre-school age - left Russia and moved
to Germany where they set up home but kept a low profile.
Christoph Kopp, the head of the local athletics club who helped them
settle in Germany, said they kept their details out of public
records so they could not be traced, and wrote the family name
"Mueller" - one of Germany's most common names - on the doorbell of
their home.
"We handled the situation very, very carefully when they came to
Germany," said Kopp, chairman of the LAC Olympia 88 Berlin athletics
club.
He said Stepanova and her husband were on the move again in
September this year, leaving Germany for North America. Someone
connected to WADA had arranged for them to make the move, he said.
WADA did not respond to questions about Stepanova.
Attempts by Reuters to track down Stepanova and her husband Vitaly,
through colleagues, acquaintances and international sports officials
were unsuccessful. It is not known where they are living.
The last publicly-available record of her whereabouts was from the
German capital, where she was listed as having competed for LAC
Olympia 88 Berlin in a 1,500 meters race in July this year.
NEGATIVE REACTION
Russia's sports authorities have disputed some of the WADA report's
allegations about doping, but they say they will do everything
necessary to get their athletes back into international competition,
including replacing the leadership of their athletics federation and
revamping the national anti-doping agency.
The attitude in Russia to Stepanova typifies how many in the country
view the scandal: they acknowledge there is a problem, but also
believe it has been blown out of proportion by Russia's rivals for
political reasons.
Stepanova is a middle-distance runner who competed for Russia until
she was herself handed a two-year suspension on suspicion of doping
in 2013.
She and her husband, a former Russian anti-doping agency official,
first took on the role of whistleblowers last year, when they
featured as witnesses in a TV documentary that alleged widespread
corruption and drug-taking in Russian athletics.
Hajo Seppelt, the journalist who made the documentary for German TV
station ARD, told Reuters the couple - anticipating negative
reaction - left Russia for Germany last year, before the program was
broadcast.
"They knew when this story comes out they may have a lot of problems
in Russia," said Seppelt, whose documentary prompted WADA to
commission its investigation.
"They thought that to talk about doping in Russian sports, to talk
about wrongdoing in Russian sport, is always not a good idea."
The prevailing attitude in Russia, he said, was: "It's just a
question of honor. You don't do that to your country, you don't
blame it."
Seppelt said he did not know where Stepanova was now and, that if he
did, he would not disclose the information.
Russian sports officials said they did not know anything about any
threats against Stepanova or her husband that could have compelled
them to seek refuge abroad.
"They need to get citizenship (in a foreign country) and that's why
they made this up. We don't threaten them," said Anna Glushenko, a
Russian Athletics Federation spokeswoman.
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A spokeswoman for the Russian Sport Ministry said Stepanova had not
contacted them to report any threats.
BANNED SUBSTANCES
Stepanova is the star witness for the investigation into Russian
athletics doping. Her name is mentioned 141 times in the text of the
323-page report produced by investigators.
Her evidence included text messages, emails, testimony she gave in
interviews to investigators as well as secret video and audio tapes
she recorded between February 2013 and November 2014 in locations
ranging from a hotel in Kyrgyzstan to Moscow's Kazansky railway
station and the athletics federation offices.
The report cites Stepanova's testimony as evidence for doping
allegations against several senior Russian athletics federation
coaches, and some athletes.
In one episode described in the report, Stepanova secretly videoed a
conversation between herself and Kazarin about her training regime.
"That is why we only have oxandrolone and primobolan and, at some
point in the early stages, just a little, you can do a few ampoules
of EPO, of course. But make sure there are no checks at the time,
nothing like that," Kazarin said, according to a transcript.
Oxandrolone and EPO, also known as erythropoietin, are listed as
banned substances under WADA rules.
In the same video, the report says, Kazarin can be seen handing over
15 tablets to Stepanova, and advises her on when to take them. They
were later tested in a laboratory and found to be oxandrolone,
according to the report.
MERCANTILE REASONS
Asked by Reuters what he thought about the role Stepanova played in
the report, Russian Sports Minister Vitaly Mutko said: "I would like
to hope that she had a genuine desire to restore health to the
sport, if that is what is really motivating her."
"But if she is driven by some kind of mercantile things, money, or a
residence permit in some country, Canada for example, then I don't
know."
He said if she genuinely wished to tackle doping in her sport, she
could have approached a Russian federation official with her
concerns. "There was no need to make a film," he said.
Tatiana Lebedeva, vice-president of the Russian Athletics
Federation, said Stepanova and her husband were trying to make
themselves look like victims.
"When they said they were going to be threatened they were making
this up in advance. And they ended up leaving. There was nothing, no
threats," said Lebedeva.
"Of course (innocent) athletes who now suffer wouldn't say thank you
to them. They weren't involved in anything but they were accused of
it by an athlete who had used doping. When she was caught she said
that all of them did it."
Seppelt, the documentary-maker who worked with Stepanova and her
husband, said they were motivated by a genuine desire to prove that
there was wrongdoing inside Russian athletics.
"For me they were the most impressive whistleblowers in the history
of sport. The most impressive. We didn't pay them anything. We
didn't ask them to do so. They wanted to prove it."
Since the release of the WADA-commissioned report and the uproar
that followed, the couple have made only one public comment, issued
last Saturday via the same German TV station that produced the
documentary.
"We are at a safe place," they said.
"That truth in sports matters makes us feel glad. We don't regret
anything we have done."
(Additional reporting by Christian Lowe in MOSCOW; Writing by
Christian Lowe; Editing by Pravin Char)
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