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 In one study, conducted in the San Francisco area, there were no new
HIV infections among 657 people who took the daily pill Truvada. In
the second study, people in the UK taking Truvada had a lower risk
of being diagnosed with HIV.
Truvada, manufactured by Gilead, is approved in the U.S. for
"pre-exposure prophylaxis" (PrEP) of HIV, the virus that causes
AIDS. Truvada may reduce the risk of HIV infection by as much as 92
percent, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention. The pill doesn't protect against other sexually
transmitted infections (STIs), however.
While Truvada has worked well in highly controlled clinical trials
comparing it to a placebo, some people were concerned about how it
would perform in real-world settings.
The San Francisco study, published in Clinical Infectious Diseases,
involved 657 members of the Kaiser Permanente healthcare system,
ages 20 to 68, who used Truvada between 2012 and 2015. The vast
majority were gay and bisexual men.
During the study, participants had no new HIV infections.
Half of them did have new STIs, however.
The study can't say whether the high rate of STIs is due to PrEP
use. STI diagnoses may have gone up because patients on PrEP tend to
make more doctors' visits, allowing more opportunities for
infections to be found.
Forty-one percent of 143 study participants reported a decrease in
condom use. But Dr. Jonathan Volk, an infectious disease physician
at Kaiser Permanente San Francisco Medical Center and the study's
lead author, said there may be reasonable explanations for this
finding, such as people entering monogamous relationships.
Given the high rate of STIs and the number of participants who said
they didn't use condoms, it's likely that without the pill "we would
have seen some new HIV infections," Volk said.
A second study of Truvada, published in The Lancet, found that gay
men who started on PrEP had significantly fewer new HIV infections
than gay men who had to wait a year for the pill.
There were one to two new HIV infections per 100 people per year
among those on PrEP, compared to about nine new infections per 100
participants per year in the group with delayed access.
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"When you do the math, the reduction was an 86 percent decrease,"
said Dr. Kenneth Mayer, the founder, co-Chair and medical research
director of The Fenway Institute in Boston.
Also, two-thirds of those who took PrEP but were still diagnosed
with HIV during the UK research were likely already infected when
they started the study, said Mayer, who co-wrote an editorial
accompanying the study.
Once the drug was found to be so effective, the researchers in the
UK stopped the study to give all participants PrEP.
In the San Francisco-area study, it's impossible to truly know how
many infections may have been prevented without comparing the data
to a similar group of people not using PrEP, Volk said.
Based on estimates from clinical trial data, as many as 35 new HIV
infections may have been prevented among the PrEP users.
In the UK study, Mayer said, participants' risky sexual behaviors
didn't change after PrEP.
"The data say that people don’t necessarily increase their risky
behaviors and they don’t decrease their risk in this kind of setting
either," he said.
Volk said the next step is to learn how to get PrEP to other
high-risk populations, such as transgender women.
"I don’t think PrEP is the magic bullet, but we know that it does
work really well," he said. "It’s great to know we have options.”
SOURCES: http://bit.ly/1M21Mb8 Clinical Infectious Diseases, online
September 1, 2015, and http://bit.ly/1UIgEmL and http://bit.ly/1UIgICX
The Lancet, online September 9, 2015.
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