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 U.S. companies are keen to use drones to cut delivery times and
costs but hurdles range from smoothing communication between the
autonomous robots and airplanes in America's crowded airspace to
ensuring battery safety and longevity.
As far back as 2013, online retailer Amazon said it was testing
delivery using drones and Alphabet Inc's Google has promised such a
service by 2017. Leading retailer Walmart is also testing drones.
But UPS, Walmart, legal experts and consultants say overcoming U.S.
regulatory hurdles and concerns over drone safety will require vast
amounts of data from real-time use -- with testing in the near-term
limited to remote areas of the United States or in other countries.
UPS will provide a grant of $800,000 plus logistical support through
the UPS Foundation to a partnership including Gavi, a group
providing vaccines to poor countries, and robotics company Zipline
International Inc for drone flights in Rwanda starting in August.
The drones will deliver blood and vaccines to half the transfusion
centers in the country of 11 million people, making deliveries 20
times faster than by land.
"Tens of thousands of hours of flight logged in an environment where
it's much easier" to operate will help make package delivery a
reality in the United States, Zipline chief executive Keller Rinaudo
told reporters at a presentation late last week.
The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), which has adopted a
step-by-step approach to drones, will soon release finalized rules
for small drone use that will most likely limit their use to within
the "visual line-of-sight" of an operator or observer.
"If you're looking for an economically-efficient way to deliver
packages, you'd be better off using a bicycle," said Ryan Calo, an
assistant law professor at the University of Washington specializing
in robotics.
"NIGHTMARE SCENARIO"
The hurdles to using drones to deliver packages to consumers include
technology, communication, insurance and privacy.
Questions remain about battery life and safety, especially after
lithium-ion battery problems resulted in a fire on board a parked
Boeing 787 in Boston in 2013.
Safe communication between drones and with airplanes in America's
busy airspace is years away. The National Aeronautics and Space
Administration has been working on a drone traffic management system
and will pass its research to the FAA in 2019 for further testing.
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In the push for autonomous cars and trucks, companies like Google
and Daimler have turned to individual states such as Nevada, which
has issued licenses for testing on its roads. But the FAA controls
all U.S. airspace, so permits on a state-by-state basis will not
suffice for drone testing.
"You really do have to make sure the FAA is in the boat and we are
really focused on that piece of it more than anything," said Mark
Wallace, UPS' senior vice president for global engineering. As part
of its strategy, UPS has invested in Boston-based drone manufacturer
CyPhy Works Inc.
UPS will focus on projects like Rwanda and testing drones in remote
U.S. areas in the near-term, he added.
Walmart said last year it plans to test drones for package delivery.
The retailer is "more likely to start with short hops" in rural
areas, spokesman Dan Toporek said. "It has to happen a step at a
time, which will teach us, and will provide insights to the FAA and
the public on 'this is how it could work.'"
Amazon did not respond to a request for comment. Google referred
Reuters to previous statements that the company hopes to operate a
delivery service by 2017.
Data from companies like No. 2 U.S. railroad BNSF, owned by Warren
Buffett's Berkshire Hathaway Inc, could also prove valuable, said
Logan Campbell, chief executive of drone consulting firm Aerotas.
BNSF has an exemption from the FAA to operate drones out of the line
of sight along its rail network.
Campbell said while drone manufacturers would like to see the FAA
move faster, the "nightmare scenario" would be if a drone crashed
into a manned aircraft.
"We have to get this right," he said. "If we move too fast and
there's an accident, it could ruin the entire industry."
(Additional reporting by Deborah Todd in San Francisco; editing by
Stuart Grudgings.)
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