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 Desperate to fight mounting trash problems but wary of public
opposition, China is building new incineration capacity designed to
blend into its surroundings and limit environmental damage.
Located in sparsely populated farmland around 60 miles (100 km) west
of Shanghai, with white geese dotting the lake around it on three
sides, the Wujiang plant is designed to burn 1,500 tonnes of garbage
every day.
It generates heat to run turbines that deliver 500,000
kilowatt-hours of electricity to the power grid at preferential
tariffs, around double those of coal-fired plants and the source of
two-thirds of its revenue.
"Combustion reduces the volume, turns it into a resource and
detoxifies it, so we believe it is going to be a mainstream product
within 20 years," said Cai Shuguang, deputy general manager of China
Everbright International, which built the plant.
With land scarce and consumption surging, China has little choice
but to burn as much trash as it can, said Cai.
The landfills encircling Beijing are known collectively as the
capital's "seventh ring road", while throughout the country burial
of untreated waste has contaminated land and built up potentially
hazardous pockets of methane.
About 200 trucks dump up to 10 tonnes of trash each day in a silo 26
meters (28 yards) deep at the Wujiang plant. Toxic emissions are
captured and little is wasted, with furnace slag recycled into
bricks.
Everbright's first waste-to-energy (WTE) plant was built in nearby
Suzhou more than a decade ago. China as a whole had 223 WTE plants
by the end of last year, and that number could double by 2020.
But household waste treatment and recycling rates are still way too
low, China said in a plan published in September, adding that
industry spending would need to reach 192.4 billion yuan ($28
billion) from 2016 to 2020.
The plan aims to incinerate more than 500,000 tonnes of waste a day
by then, or 2-1/2 times the 2014 figure. Better-off cities will have
to burn most garbage, and curb landfill expansion.
"Waste-to-energy is being encouraged from top to bottom: subsidies
are very high and profits far exceed those from recycling," said
Zhao Youcai, a waste management expert at Shanghai's Tongji
University.
TACKLING NIMBYISM
But China has struggled to reach previous targets, with daily
incineration capacity of 235,224 tonnes by the end of 2015 missing a
goal of more than 300,000 tonnes.
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"The main reason is the level of understanding among local
governments, and we also need to work on eliminating the problem of
Nimbyism," Cai said.
Waste incinerators have provoked protest as communities worry about
stench and the risk of toxic emissions.
Last week, the housing ministry vowed to toughen pollution controls
and combat "Nimbyism" by offering cheaper water, heat and
electricity for those living near waste projects.
Such moves would transform perceptions to "profit in my backyard"
from "not in my backyard", the ministry said.
INCENTIVES
China wants to remedy environmental damage caused by three decades
of breakneck growth through incentives for private businesses to
profit from environmental protection.
It now has fewer low-income "scavengers" to sort garbage in big
cities, as rising living standards and falling prices of raw
materials have blunted recycling incentives, Zhao said.
"Garbage mountains" and "garbage rivers" litter the countryside,
where China aims to treat 90 percent of household waste by 2020. But
officials say innovative funding mechanisms are needed.
Subsidy is not a sustainable path, so China must boost market
participation, Zhao said.
"Garbage recycling relies on government, and waste-to-energy is
subsidized," he added. "It is a bottomless pit: the amount is just
too high and the profits too low."
(Additional reporting by Anita Li and Jiang Xihao; Editing by
Clarence Fernandez)
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