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 Youth smoking has steadily declined over the past decade, with no
steeper decrease after e-cigarettes debuted on the U.S. market in
2007, researchers report in Pediatrics.
“There is strong evidence in adults, together with some, but more
limited evidence in youth, that e-cigarettes are associated with
less, not more quitting cigarettes,” said study co-author Dr.
Stanton Glantz, director of the Center for Tobacco Control Research
and Education at the University of California, San Francisco.
“The fact is that for kids, as with adults, most e-cigarette users
are 'dual users,' meaning that they smoked cigarettes at the same
time that they smoked e-cigarettes,” Glantz added by email.
Big U.S. tobacco companies are all developing e-cigarettes,
battery-powered gadgets with a heating element that turns liquid
nicotine and flavorings into a cloud of vapor that users inhale.
For the past decade, public health experts have debated whether the
gadgets might help with smoking cessation or at least be a safer
alternative to smoking traditional combustible cigarettes, or
whether they might lure a new generation into nicotine addiction.
In the current study, researchers analyzed survey data collected
from more than 140,000 middle and high school students between 2004
and 2014.
During the study period, the overall percentages of teens who
reported any smoking decreased from 40 percent to 22 percent.
The proportion of youth who identified themselves as current smokers
dropped from 16 percent to about 6 percent during the same period.
But teen cigarette smoking rates did not decline faster after the
arrival of e-cigarettes in the U.S. between 2007 and 2009.
And combined e-cigarette and cigarette use among adolescents in 2014
was higher than total cigarette use in 2009, the study found.
Researchers also looked at characteristics that might make teens
more at risk for smoking, such as living with a smoker or wearing
clothing with tobacco products or logos.
While teen cigarette smokers in the study often appeared to fit this
profile, adolescents who used only e-cigarettes didn’t display these
risk factors.
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This suggests that at least some low-risk youth might not be using
nicotine products if e-cigarettes were not an option, the authors
conclude.
The study isn’t a controlled experiment designed to test whether
e-cigarette use directly impacts smoking regular cigarettes, the
authors note. Researchers also lacked data on teens who dropped out
of school, who might have higher rate of tobacco use than youth
still attending school.
Even so, this is now the eighth long-term study to suggest teens who
use e-cigarettes are more likely to start smoking, said Dr. Thomas
Wills, interim director of the Cancer Prevention and Control Program
at the University of Hawaii Cancer in Honolulu.
“E-cigarette advocates have tried to argue that this is only because
those teens who used e-cigarettes were high-risk people who were
going to smoke anyway and their e-cigarette use had nothing to do
with this,” Wills, author of an accompanying editorial, said by
email.
“A number of studies have now specifically examined this
hypothesis,” Wills added. “In each case, the empirical results went
against the confounding hypothesis, so we can be confident that the
effect of e-cigarettes for contributing to uptake of smoking is a
real effect and is not just due to a group of high-risk persons.”
SOURCE: http://bit.ly/2jqqXeR and http://bit.ly/2kl5urR Pediatrics,
online January 23, 2017.
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