Researchers examined data on 453,577 U.S. residents aged 25 to 65
years who died by suicide from 1999 to 2016. Large urban areas
accounted for almost half of the suicides during the study period,
and only about 2% of the total happened in rural counties.
Nationally, half of counties had suicide rates at or above 15 deaths
per 100,000 individuals in the period from 1999 to 2001, but this
figure rose to 21.2 per 100,000 in the final three-year period from
2014 to 2016.
Suicide rates tended to be higher in counties with higher levels of
deprivation - a measure of how many people live in poverty and have
limited education, housing insecurity, or receive public benefits.
This connection between deprivation and suicide was also strongest
in rural communities, especially later in the study period,
researchers report in JAMA Network Open.
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"This finding highlights the struggle for rural communities to adapt
to changing economic conditions and difficulties bringing in new
industries and opportunities," said Danielle Steelesmith, lead
author of the study and a psychiatry and behavioral health
researcher at The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center in
Columbus.
"It seems more urban areas may be better at adapting to these
conditions since the association between deprivation and suicide in
urban areas decreased with time," Steelesmith said by email.
City residents might also have access to a broader range of services
to help with housing, healthcare and job placement that could reduce
risk factors for suicide like unemployment or housing insecurity and
make it easier for people to get mental health care, said Dr. Alex
Gertner, a researcher at the Gillings School of Global Public Health
at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Rural communities in western states as well as in Appalachia and the
Ozarks saw the largest increases in suicide rates overall, the
authors note.
In most places, higher concentrations of gun shops were also
associated with higher suicide rates. The connection may be partly
explained by the fact that people who attempt suicide with firearms
tend to die more often than those who try other methods.
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"We can't say with certainty from this study that having fewer gun
shops would lower suicide rates, though there's plenty of evidence
from existing research that limiting access to guns leads to fewer
gun deaths," Gertner, who wasn't involved in the study, said by
email.
"Places with fewer gun shops may be places where guns are harder to
buy, or they may be places where the local population is more averse
to owning guns, or they may be places where local ordinances put
limits on gun ownership - so there are different possible
explanations for the findings."
Regions with more uninsured residents also had higher suicide rates,
which might partly reflect people being unable to access or afford
mental health care.
Suicide rates were also lower in communities with higher levels of
so-called social capital, where people had more opportunities to
engage and connect with their neighbors, the study also found.
The study wasn't designed to prove whether or how specific factors
might directly impact suicide rates.
There are likely many interconnected factors involved, said Dr.
Martin McKee, a researcher at the London School of Hygiene and
Tropical Medicine in the UK, who wasn't involved in the study.
"The past few decades in the U.S. have been extremely traumatic for
many people," McKee said by email.
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"Real wages have barely increased for many people, life has become
much more insecure, and traditional jobs are disappearing, mainly
due to automation but to a smaller extent by being exported to
low-wage economies," McKee added. "Those with the least personal
resources, which include education, skills, and assets that can be
drawn on when times get tough, suffer most, hence, it is hardly
surprising that poverty is associated with suicide."
SOURCE: https://bit.ly/2lOI7sz JAMA Network Open, online September
6, 2019.
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