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 The origin of the NHS COVID-19 App goes back to a meeting on March 7
when three Oxford scientists met experts at NHSX, the technical arm
of the UK's health service. The scientists presented an analysis
that concluded manual contact tracing alone couldn't control the
epidemic.
"Given the infectiousness of SARS-CoV-2 and the high proportion of
transmissions from presymptomatic individuals, controlling the
epidemic by manual contact tracing is infeasible," concluded the
Oxford scientists' paper, which was published in the journal Science
two months later.
The Oxford researchers believed that a smartphone app could help
locate individuals who didn't know they were infected – and by
alerting them quickly could reduce and even halt the epidemic if
enough people used it. Within days of the meeting, NHSX began the
process of awarding millions of dollars worth of no-bid contracts to
develop such an app, government procurement records show.
In the weeks that followed, ministers seized on the technology as a
route out of Britain's lockdown that began on March 23. At a Downing
Street coronavirus briefing on April 12, health secretary Matt
Hancock announced that testing had begun on what he called the
government's "next step – a new NHS app for contact tracing."
He explained that people could use the app to report feeling unwell
and it would anonymously alert other app users who recently had been
in close contact with them. On April 28, he said he expected the app
to be ready by mid-May.
Privately, some researchers who had proposed the app were dismayed
that the government had stopped widespread testing on March 12, a
decision they believed undermined the app's effectiveness and public
health in general. "We were very clear from the start that this
thing needed to work with testing," David Bonsall, a clinical
scientist at Oxford who attended the March 7 meeting, told Reuters.
By early May, transport secretary Grant Shapps was heralding a test
of the app on England's Isle of Wight. "Later in the month, that app
will be rolled out and deployed, assuming the tests are successful,
of course, to the population at large," he said. "This is a
fantastic way to ensure that we are able to really keep a lid on
this going forward."
Pat Gelsinger, chief executive of VMware Inc, a Silicon Valley tech
firm hired to develop the app, told a Fox Business television
interviewer on May 8, "I tell you, we think this is the best one in
the world and we're really thrilled to be working with the NHS in
the UK to help bring it about."
But by the end of May, government officials were downplaying the
app. In an interview with Sky News, Hancock called the app "helpful"
but said traditional contact tracing needed to be rolled out first.
Quoting another official, he said, "It puts the cherry on the cake
but isn't the cake."
Behind the scenes, NHSX testers were discovering serious technical
problems.
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The agency had opted to develop an app that collected and stored data on central
servers that could be used by health authorities and epidemiologists to study
the disease. It relied on a technology called Bluetooth to determine who
recently had been near someone displaying symptoms and for how long.
NHSX testers were finding that while the app could detect three-quarters of
nearby smartphones using Google's Android operating system, it sometimes could
only identify four percent of Apple iPhones, according to government officials.
The problem was that, on Apple devices, the app often couldn't utilize Bluetooth
because of a design choice by Apple to preserve user privacy and prolong battery
life.
The issue was no secret. Apple and Google had jointly announced in April that
they would release a toolkit to better enable Bluetooth on contact-tracing apps.
But to protect user privacy, it would only work on apps that stored data on
phones, not central servers. The NHSX app didn't work that way.
The government insisted it had developed a successful work-around to overcome
the Apple issue. But not everyone was convinced. The advocacy group Privacy
International, which had tested the app in early May, "found it wasn't working
properly on iPhones," Gus Hosein, the group's executive director, told Reuters.
But because of the government's assurances, he said, "We just assumed we were
doing something wrong."
Other countries, including Germany, decided they would change their apps to work
with the Apple-Google toolkit. That raised another problem with the UK app — it
likely wouldn't be compatible with many other contact-tracing apps so British
travellers wouldn't be notified if they were exposed to the virus.
On June 18, weeks after the UK app was supposed to be rolled out, government
officials announced a dramatic U-turn — they would abandon the app being tested
on the Isle of Wight and try to create one that worked with the Apple-Google
technology. Work had already begun on it and they had learned lessons from the
test, they said.
NHSX referred questions about the app to the health department, which said,
"Developing effective contract-tracing technology is a challenge facing
countries around the world and there is currently no solution that is accurate
enough on estimating distance, identifying other users and calculating duration
which are all required for contract tracing."
A spokesman for VMware said it "is proud of the work we have done and continue
to do to rapidly develop an application to support the UK's contact tracing and
testing efforts."
A government official expressed confidence the app would be ready by the autumn
or winter — although initially, the official said, it might not contain contact
tracing at all, but offer other services that are yet to be determined.
(reporting by Steve Stecklow, edited by Janet McBride)
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