Explainer-What is 'ranked-choice voting,' the new system for New York's
mayoral election?
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[June 22, 2021]
By Joseph Ax
(Reuters) - When New York City voters go to
the polls on Tuesday to select their party's mayoral nominee, they will
fill out a new kind of ballot that allows them to pick up to five
candidates in order of preference in a system known as ranked-choice
voting.
WHAT IS RANKED-CHOICE VOTING (RCV)?
Most U.S. elections are "winner-take-all": The candidate with the most
votes wins even if he or she falls short of 50%. Under RCV, voters can
rank multiple contenders instead of choosing just one.
Dozens of cities, including San Francisco, Minneapolis and Salt Lake
City, use RCV for local elections. Maine began using it statewide in
2018, and Alaska will implement it for all state and federal general
elections starting next year, including the 2024 presidential race.
Countries such as Australia, New Zealand and Ireland use a form of RCV.
Members of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences have for more
than a decade voted for the Best Picture Oscar using this preferential
system.
HOW WILL THE SYSTEM WORK IN NEW YORK?
RCV was approved in New York by voter referendum in 2019 and first used
in special city council elections earlier this year.
In New York's mayoral election, voters can list up to five names. That
will allow more flexibility in particular for Democratic voters, who are
choosing from a crowded field of more than a dozen candidates.
Ballots are tabulated in what may best be described as a series of
instant runoffs. In the first round, if any candidate receives 50% or
the vote, he or she is declared the winner, and the election is over.
If not, the candidate who finished in last place is eliminated, and any
ballots that had him or her as the top choice are reallocated to the No.
2 candidate on each ballot. The votes are counted once again. If no
candidate has yet reached 50%, the candidate in last place is
eliminated, and his or her ballots reallocated, and so on, until someone
exceeds 50%.
RCV will be used in the primary elections for mayor, comptroller, public
advocate, borough president and city council. Judicial contests and the
race for Manhattan district attorney will use the traditional
winner-take-all system.
Though some preliminary results may be available Tuesday night, the
mayoral nominees likely won't be known for weeks. Absentee ballots,
which are expected to be widely used, can legally arrive up to a week
after Election Day, and voters are allowed to "cure" any errors until
July 9, which could delay the tabulation of their ranked choices.
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A voter arrives to cast her ballot during the early voting for the
New York mayoral primary election at John Jay College in Manhattan,
New York City, U.S., June 13, 2021. REUTERS/Jeenah Moon/File Photo
WHAT ARE THE ARGUMENTS IN FAVOR OF RCV?
First, voters can freely cast ballots for their favorite candidate,
without worrying about "wasting" votes on someone who is unlikely to
win.
"In a ranked-choice voting system, voters do not have to settle for
the lesser of two evils," said Susan Lerner, the executive director
of the good government group Common Cause New York. "You don't have
to worry that the polls tell you this person has no chance."
Some advocates say RCV encourages more diverse candidates, possibly
because voters may be more willing to support them if they know they
can include more choices. Research shows RCV elections feature more
candidates of color, according to FairVote, a nonprofit group that
favors the voting method.
RCV can have a positive effect on campaigns, Lerner said. Candidates
may be less inclined to attack their opponents to avoid alienating
any supporters who might be willing to rank them second, third or
fourth.
RCV also ensures the eventual winner must appear on a majority of
ballots, providing an incentive for campaigns to reach out to voters
across demographic and geographical lines for the broadest possible
appeal, rather than relying on a political base that may only
represent a plurality of voters, Lerner said.
ARE THERE ANY CONCERNS?
Christina Greer, a political science professor at Fordham
University, was concerned that some voters would find the new ballot
confusing.
Mayor Bill de Blasio's administration announced a $15 million voter
education initiative in April. Lerner is overseeing an education
campaign, Rank the Vote NYC, that has reached tens of thousands of
voters, she said.
Some academics have noted that RCV can lead to "exhausted ballots,"
in which a voter's candidates are all eliminated before the last
round of tabulation and thus are not included in the final tally.
Others have argued that a more complicated process could decrease
voter turnout.
(Reporting by Joseph Ax; Editing by Colleen Jenkins, Aurora Ellis
and Grant McCool)
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