Yuan loses core support as firms leave China
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[August 07, 2023] By
Samuel Shen and Tom Westbrook
SHANGHAI/SYDNEY (Reuters) - Since China opened to foreign investment in
1978 under Deng Xiaoping, global firms have ploughed in hundreds of
billions of dollars to buy and build factories for market access and
cheap labor, bolstering the Chinese currency.
A gentle downtrend in foreign direct investment gave way to a steep drop
last quarter and inflows to China slammed to their lowest since records
began 25 years ago, raising the prospect that the long-term trend is
turning.
Corporate leaders and their advisers say a shift is under way and the
political concerns behind investment decisions are long term, which
leaves the yuan facing pressure from what was long one of its staunchest
supports.
"FDI has historically not been a huge swing factor in the exchange
rate's value, because you typically had surpluses of $50 to $100 billion
a year," said Logan Wright, director of China Markets Research at
analytics firm Rhodium Group.
"But when that swings to a deficit, which is where it is right now ...
that's a pretty big adjustment."
Foreign direct investment (FDI) inflow slowed to less than $4.9 billion
for the second quarter, while Chinese companies' investments abroad sent
net direct investment to a record deficit of $34.1 billion, figures
published last week by China's State Administration of Foreign Exchange
(SAFE) showed.
Investors and analysts say the decline is the result of firms'
nervousness over the direction of competitive and political friction
between China and the West which has already led to trade and investment
restrictions and a diplomatic chill.
Sources have told Reuters the Biden administration is likely to adopt
new outbound investment restrictions on China in the coming weeks.
Japan, the U.S. and Europe have already restricted the sale of high-tech
chipmaking tools to Chinese companies while China has hit back by
throttling exports of raw materials.
Diplomatic tensions aside, business confidence had already been eroded
by three years of Beijing's strict "zero-COVID" policy of quarantines
and lockdowns that disrupted manufacturing and supply chains.
China's regulatory crackdowns on some industries and raids on U.S.
consulting firms have also been unnerving, leading businesses to fret
over when and where the next hit was coming.
"I don't have one client wanting to invest in China. Not a single
client," said John Ramig, partner at law firm Buchalter, who specializes
in international business deals and structuring of manufacturing.
"Everyone is looking to either sell their Chinese operation, or if
they're sourcing products in China, they're looking for an alternative
place to do that," he said. "That's dramatically different from what it
was even five years ago."
Oxford Economics' analysts say greenfield flows into new production
capacities, probably best capture the forward-looking sentiment and have
been sliding for years to total just $18 billion in 2022 from running
around $100 billion a year in 2010-2011.
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People walk along an elevated walkway at
the Pudong financial district in Shanghai November 20, 2013.
REUTERS/Carlos Barria/File Photo
BIG DECISIONS
The slide in China FDI has been eye-catching because it has for so
long been taken for granted as a fact of global trade and its
unraveling portends deeper shifts.
Unlike more fickle portfolio flows from investors, companies'
spending, while cyclical, tends to be stickier and steadier as firms
establish and expand production -- meaning economic consequences are
likely as it unravels.
Pressure on the exchange rate is already being felt.
Dollar purchases via Chinese banks for outbound direct investment
has consistently exceeded yuan purchases for foreign inbound
investment this year, resulting in six consecutive months of
outflows, according to latest SAFE data.
That trend was also captured by Ministry of Commerce data, which
showed that paid-in FDI fell 5.6% during the first five months of
the year, the biggest decline in three years.
The yuan is down about 4% on the dollar this year, even as the U.S.
currency has fallen elsewhere, and has only found support as the
central bank has guided its trading range off lows and state banks
have been buying in the spot market.
To be sure, investment flows often fluctuate and many firms aren't
leaving China completely or aren't leaving at all.
Daniel Seeff, whose sockmaking business Foot Cardigan was hit by
tariffs and COVID logistical snags looked into shifting production
from Haining in the Yangtze River delta to Peru, but wasn't able to
match the quality and price of his China factory.
"For now, I don't think that China has lost this edge for us," he
said. And Chi Lo, senior investment strategist at BNP Paribas Asset
Management in Hong Kong, said such flows are only one part of the
yuan's direction and that it can stay strong.
Still, the data shows enough firms are taking decisions to either
quit or avoid adding to capacity in China that will set the tone for
capital flows for years to come.
"The political atmosphere is incentivising western companies away
from China ... because the benefits of being in China are not
outweighing the risks," said Lee Smith, global trade attorney at
Baker Donelson.
"A lot of our clients are worried about their exposure to China as a
sole country of supply."
(Reporting by Samuel Shen in Shanghai and Tom Westbrook in
Singapore; Additional reporting by Winni Zhou in Shanghai; Editing
by Jacqueline Wong)
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