Maui inferno: What are the deadliest wildfires in US history?
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[August 14, 2023]
By Stephen Culp
(Reuters) - The Maui wildfires in Hawaii have killed at least 93, making
it the deadliest U.S. wildfire in more than a century, with the total
likely to rise as cadaver dogs sift through the ruins of the historic
resort city of Lahaina.
The causes of the Hawaii wildfires, which started on Tuesday night, have
not yet been determined. Hawaii Governor Josh Green on Sunday called a
part of the island of Maui that was devastated by wildfires a "war
zone".
WHAT IS THE DEADLIEST WILDFIRE IN US HISTORY?
The Peshtigo fire in Wisconsin started Oct. 8, 1871 and killed 1,152,
according to the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA).
At the time, Peshtigo was permanent home to about 2,000 people, although
its population swelled with immigrants looking for work in the
lumbering, manufacturing and railroad industries.
The town was surrounded by pine forest, all of its structures were made
of wood, including its sidewalks. Sawdust from the town's woodworking
factory - the largest in the world - covered everything.
On Oct. 8, 1871, following a dry winter, spring and summer, the town was
a particularly vulnerable when a low-pressure system kicked up a strong
wind and transformed a nearby brushfire into a conflagration, which
survivors described as a wall of fire that consumed the settlement
within minutes, according to the Peshtigo Historical Society.
HOW MANY DIED IN THE CLOQUET AND GREAT HINCKLEY FIRES?
The Maui wildfire is the deadliest since the Cloquet Fire in October
1918, when railroad sparks ignited a wildfire that raged for more than
four days, decimating northern Minnesota, according to the Library of
Congress.
The NFPA set a death toll of 453 as a result of what is known today as
the Cloquet/Moose Lake Fires.
In 1894, amid conditions strikingly similar to the Peshtigo fire 23
years earlier, a breeze kicked up and transformed several small,
scattered fires near a cluster of logging communities into a wall of
flame that destroyed Hinckley, Mission Creek, Sandstone, Miller,
Partridge and Pokegama, according to the Hinckley government website.
The fire consumed 400 square miles and killed 418 people.
WHAT IS A WILDFIRE AND HOW VULNERABLE ARE US HOMES?
The Federal Emergency Management Association (FEMA) defines wildfires as
"an unplanned, unwanted fire burning in a natural area, such as a
forest, grassland, or prairie."
Nearly half the land area in the United States is composed of forest,
shrubland, and grassland, according to the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA).
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The shells of burned houses and
buildings are left after wildfires driven by high winds burned
across most of the town in Lahaina, Maui, Hawaii, U.S. August 11,
2023. Hawai'i Department of Land and Natural Resources/Handout via
REUTERS
There are currently almost 45 million U.S. homes located near or
adjacent to such areas.
The National Interagency Fire Center estimates there are 71.8
million properties in the United States that are "at some level of
risk from wildfire."
Since 2018, wildfires in the United States have destroyed nearly
63,000 structures, the majority of which were homes.
WHAT CAUSED THESE FIRES TO BE SO DEADLY?
The causes of some fires, including the most recent in Hawaii, are
not known. However, dry and windy conditions were present for both
the Maui fire this year and the California Camp Fire in 2018, as
well as the Peshtigo fire in Wisconsin and the Hinckley fires in
Minnesota.
WHAT ROLE IS CLIMATE CHANGE PLAYING IN WILDFIRES?
Climate change increases hot and dry conditions that help fires
spread faster, burn longer and rage more intensely. Hotter weather
also saps moisture from vegetation, turning it into dry fuel that
helps fires to spread.
Climate change is not the only factor in wildfires. Forest
management and ignition sources also play important roles. Some
actions can help to limit severe blazes, such as setting controlled
fires that mimic the low-intensity fires in natural ecosystem
cycles, or introducing gaps within forests to stop blazes rapidly
spreading over large areas.
According to the EPA, since the 1980s, of the 10 years with the
largest acreage lost to wildfires, all have occurred since 2004 and
coincide with the warmest years on record nationwide.
Peak wildfire season is starting earlier in the year.
In 2022, there were 66,255 wildfires in the United States, compared
with 18,229 in 1983, when record keeping began, per the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).
"Climate change, including increased heat, extended drought, and a
thirsty atmosphere, has been a key driver in increasing the risk and
extent of wildfires in the western United States during the last two
decades," according to the NOAA.
(Reporting by Stephen Culp; Editing by Lisa Shumaker)
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