Fed coming up snake eyes in its battle with spend-happy consumers
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[August 24, 2023] By
Howard Schneider
DANVILLE, Virginia (Reuters) - The new Caesars casino in Danville,
Virginia, is a temporary facility reminiscent of an airplane hangar and
with limited food and drink options.
It still saw 400,000 visitors lay out more than $50 million in bets
since opening in the middle of May, beating its owners' expectations in
another example of U.S. consumer spending that so far refuses to cave in
the face of the Federal Reserve's aggressive interest rate hikes.
"It's amazing the amount of demand we've seen so far for sure," said
Chris Albrecht, senior vice president and general manager of Caesars
Virginia, noting the current space's "very limited offering" compared to
what's planned for the rest of the site that's being developed in the
town of about 40,000 people, where tobacco and textiles were once the
economic mainstays.
As Fed officials analyze inflation dynamics in the post-pandemic world
and look for signs that tighter monetary policy is having the intended
effect of slowing the economy, Danville illustrates the confounding
puzzle playing out across the U.S.
Despite higher borrowing costs and national chatter about a looming
recession, Danville residents are buzzing not just about the arrival of
Caesars, which is putting a casino, conference center and hotel at the
site of an old textile mill power plant with plans to hire 1,000 people,
but also about a steady flow of manufacturing investment and other job
growth in the pipeline.
The Fed, which has raised interest rates by 5.25 percentage points since
early 2022, has been looking for the U.S. labor market and consumer
demand to ebb, something it feels needs to happen for inflation to fall
to its targeted 2% level and which will be particularly important across
the service businesses that soak up the bulk of consumer spending.
The consumer keeps fighting back, however, evident in the ticket sales
of summer blockbuster movies and concerts, the record single-day U.S.
air travel number hit in late June, and monthly spending totals that
won't break.
Even as inflation has slowed from last summer's 40-year highs, Fed
officials have been reluctant to declare their job finished until there
are clearer signs the economy is slowing.
FINDING NEUTRAL
Richmond Fed President Thomas Barkin, recounting recent visits to cities
and smaller towns across a U.S. central bank district spanning five
mid-Atlantic states, said business executives and officials told a
similar story.
"Demand remains resilient. There are debates about how much of that is
sustainable or not," Barkin said in an interview with Reuters earlier
this week, noting that he puts a lot of stock in consumer sentiment
being up.
As economists debate how much cash remains from the savings bulge
triggered by the coronavirus pandemic, the underlying momentum for
spending may be shifting from "revenge" purchases to something driven by
the low 3.5% unemployment rate, wage gains that have of late been
outpacing inflation, and rising equity prices holding up higher-income
consumers.
Policymakers gathering this week in Jackson Hole, Wyoming, for an annual
Fed conference will aim to unravel how the U.S. and world economies may
be changing in the wake of the pandemic and emerging global trends.
At least some of the focus will be on what is needed to finish the job
of curbing inflation, given the economy's unexpected strength, with
economists already debating whether the U.S. central bank has
underestimated fundamental parameters like the "neutral" rates of
interest and unemployment.
If, as some argue, the interest rate that neither stimulates nor
restrains the economy has shifted higher, it means Fed policy is putting
less pressure on the economy than expected. That implies more rate hikes
will be needed.
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An eagle tops the U.S. Federal Reserve
building's facade in Washington, July 31, 2013. REUTERS/Jonathan
Ernst
By contrast, if the unemployment rate that neither fans nor cools
inflation has fallen, it means the economy can accommodate a tighter
job market without generating inflation.
Accurately disentangling what's happening will influence whether the
Fed makes a policy error on either side of its dual mandate: Leaving
interest rates too low and allowing inflation to rekindle, or
raising them to unnecessarily high levels and foiling a job market
that is arguably more reminiscent of that of the 1960s, with its
strong worker leverage and large wage gains.
TWO-SIDED RISK
Fed strategy at this point revolves around reaching a point where
officials feel policy is adequately "restrictive" to lower inflation
over a potentially extended period of time, rather than raise it
ever higher in hopes of forcing a faster drop.
"The big question is whether inflation progress stalls or slows,"
with underlying prices still rising at an elevated pace, former
Chicago Fed President Charles Evans said.
"What's the mistake they are most willing to make? ... They are
getting close to two-sided risk. Do they really have to get to 2% in
any time frame as long as they are confident ... What if they wind
up at 2.3%? They are in the neighborhood. I don't think that has
been fleshed out."
Partly to let its policies play out, the Fed is widely expected to
leave interest rates on hold at its Sept. 19-20 meeting.
Yet officials will also issue updated economic projections that will
have to resolve how the slowdown of inflation squares with
stronger-than-expected economic performance. Will the bulk of
policymakers feel higher rates will be needed to finish the job? How
much of a growth slowdown and rise in unemployment do they think
will be needed to complete the job?
As of June, when Fed policymakers last provided economic and
interest rate projections, the median forecast saw one more
quarter-of-a-percentage-point hike, with cuts beginning next year as
inflation slows gradually back to target through 2025.
There are alternate explanations for what is happening. An improving
supply side, for example, could produce more goods and services and
allow inflation to keep falling even with strong demand, a process
Fed officials would not want to interrupt and which would argue for
more caution in these late stages of the inflation fight.
Ultimately, demand will need to come off the boil, said Richard
Clarida, a former Fed vice chair who is now the global economic
advisor for investment firm Pimco.
"The folks in the 'soft-landing' camp have not articulated what is
going to deliver 2% inflation in the absence of some softening of
the labor market," said Clarida, referring to those who believe
inflation will fall without triggering a significant rise in
unemployment or a recession. "Is it higher productivity? Workers
asking for smaller raises?"
"I am open to the idea that we are in a brave new world ... But
everyone can't get a 10% wage increase if the Fed wants 2%
(inflation)," he said, noting the large increases won by U.S. unions
in recent labor negotiations. "I do expect some rise in unemployment
will be required to get underlying inflation into a zone where the
Fed is comfortable."
(Reporting by Howard Schneider; Editing by Dan Burns and Paul Simao)
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