How deep are Egypt's economic troubles?
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[December 08, 2023] By
Aidan Lewis and Patrick Werr
CAIRO (Reuters) - Egypt holds a presidential election on Dec. 10-12 in
which Abdel Fattah al-Sisi is set to secure a third term amid an
economic crisis that has seen the Egyptian pound tumbling, foreign
currency drying up and inflation soaring.
WHAT CAUSED EGYPT'S ECONOMIC WOES?
Some causes date back decades such as failed industrial development due
to poor planning and heavy bureaucracy, and export policies that created
a persistent trade deficit.
An over-valued currency, weak property rights and institutions, and an
overbearing state and military have deterred investment and competition.
A borrowing spree under Sisi has left Egypt with heavy foreign debt.
Foreign creditors have been shying away from Egyptian debt, pushing the
Cairo government to finance its widening deficit by borrowing
domestically even as interest rates surge, spawning even bigger
deficits.
This, and an expansion of the money supply, have led to currency
depreciation and higher inflation.
The government has sought to get its deficit under control by raising
the price of subsidized goods and services, only for inflation to eat
into much of the gain.
Foreign investment outside the oil and gas sector has been paltry.
Remittances in 2022-23 fell 30% to $22 billion as workers abroad backed
away from transfers at the overvalued official exchange rate.
Increasing Suez Canal transit fees and tourism revenue play a crucial
role, although the Israel-Hamas war in the neighboring Gaza Strip
threatens to slow tourism growth.
Sisi often blames Egypt's economic struggles on turmoil following the
2011 popular uprising as well as rapid population growth - the World
Bank put annual population growth at 1.7% in 2021. Authorities have also
pointed to external shocks including the COVID-19 pandemic and the war
in Ukraine.
HOW BAD HAVE THINGS BECOME?
The economy has been growing steadily but at a slowing pace. It grew by
an annual 3.9% in the last quarter of 2022 as well as the first quarter
of 2023, down from 6.7% in fiscal 2021-22, according to the central
bank. Rising population has blunted growth, and many Egyptians say their
standard of living has eroded.
An acute dollar shortage suppressed imports and caused a backlog of
goods at ports amid restrictions on letters of credit, with a knock-on
effect on local industry. Prices for many staple foods have risen much
faster than headline inflation, which accelerated to a record 38% in
September.
The pound has fallen by half against the dollar since March 2022.
Despite repeated devaluations, a dollar fetches about 49 Egyptian pounds
on the black market compared to an official rate of 31 pounds.
The repayment schedule on foreign debt is onerous. At least $42.26
billion is due in 2024 alone, including $4.89 billion to the
International Monetary Fund (IMF).
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Farmers use a threshing machine as they harvest their wheat crop at
a farmland on an island on the River Nile next to the capital city
of Cairo, Egypt May 11, 2023. REUTERS/Amr Abdallah Dalsh/File Photo
Rising interest rates and the weakening currency have raised the
cost of servicing debt. Interest payments swallowed up more than 45%
of all revenue in the year to end-June, according to finance
ministry data.
Official data classified about 30% of the population as poor before
COVID-19 struck, and analysts say numbers have risen since then. As
many as 60% of Egypt's 104 million citizens are estimated to be
below, or close to the poverty line.
Unemployment has fallen to just over 7%, but labor market
participation also dropped steadily in the decade to 2020. Parts of
the public education system are in a state of collapse. Many
graduates with the opportunity to do so seek work abroad.
HOW HAS THE MONEY BEEN SPENT?
Beyond outlays on regular costs, Egypt has spent heavily on
infrastructure under Sisi. This includes housing, a number of new
cities, and rapid road building. The most prominent mega-project is
a $58 billion new capital in the desert east of Cairo.
Egypt's arms imports also surged over the past decade, making it the
third-largest importer globally, according to the Stockholm
International Peace Research Institute.
Officials say they have upped spending on social programs for the
poor, including a cash handout scheme that covers some five million
families, though critics say the welfare is insufficient to protect
living standards.
WHAT SUPPORT CAN EGYPT DRAW ON?
Both Western and Gulf states have broadly viewed Egypt under Sisi as
a lynchpin of security in a volatile region.
Cairo received billions in deposits and investments from Gulf allies
including Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates after the shock
touched off by Russia's invasion of Ukraine.
But Gulf Arab states have toughened conditions for injecting new
money, increasingly seeking investments that provide a return.
Though they have expressed solidarity with Egypt since the outbreak
of the Gaza crisis, no new aid has been announced.
The IMF is in talks with Egypt to expand a $3 billion, four-year
financial support package signed in December 2022. It had halted
disbursements after Egypt fell behind on pledges to adopt a flexible
exchange rate and to shrink the state and the military's role in the
economy.
(Reporting by Aidan Lewis and Patrick Werr; editing by Mark
Heinrich)
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