Biden to host Australia and Britain to reveal details of submarine pact
to counter China
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[March 10, 2023]
By David Brunnstrom
WASHINGTON (Reuters) - U.S. President Joe Biden will meet leaders of
Australia and Britain in San Diego on Monday to announce a way forward
for Australia to receive nuclear-powered submarines in Canberra's
biggest-ever defense project.
The three countries announced the so-called AUKUS plan in 2021 as part
of efforts to counter China in the Indo-Pacific region.
However, questions remain over strict U.S. curbs on the extensive
technology sharing needed for the project and about the length of time
it will take to deliver the submarines.
Australia is expected to buy up to five U.S. Virginia class
nuclear-powered submarines in the 2030s as part of the landmark
agreement to be revealed in detail by Biden, Australian Prime Minister
Anthony Albanese and British Prime Minister Rushi Sunak, four U.S.
officials told Reuters this week.
The agreement would have multiple stages with at least one U.S.
submarine visiting Australian ports in the coming years and end in the
late 2030s with a new class of submarines built with British designs and
American technology, one of the officials said.
Two of the officials said that after the annual port visits, the United
States would forward deploy some submarines in Western Australia by
around 2027.
In the early 2030s, Australia would buy three Virginia class submarines
and have the option to buy two more.
China has condemned the effort by the Western allies, who are seeking to
counter its military buildup, pressure on Taiwan and increasingly
muscular deployments in the contested South China Sea.
SHARING SENSITIVE TECHNOLOGY
The officials did not elaborate on the planned new class of submarines,
including where they would be built, but Australia's ambassador to
Washington said last week there would be a "genuine trilateral solution"
and the plan offers the prospect of jobs in all three countries.
Under the initial AUKUS deal announced in 2021, the United States and
Britain agreed to provide Australia with the technology and capability
to deploy nuclear-powered submarines.
It will be the first time the United States has shared
nuclear-propulsion technology since it did so with Britain in the 1950s.
Currently no party to the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty other than
the five countries the NPT recognizes as weapons states - the United
States, Russia, China, Britain and France - has nuclear submarines.
In a second stage of the AUKUS project, the three countries will share
advanced technology such as artificial intelligence and hypersonic
weapons. British and Australian officials said last week there was still
work needed to break down bureaucratic barriers to such technology
sharing.
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U.S. President Joe Biden delivers
remarks about his budget for fiscal year 2024 at the Finishing
Trades Institute in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S., March 9, 2023.
REUTERS/Evelyn Hockstein
Bill Greenwalt, a former senior Pentagon official for industrial
policy, said that since it will be years before the Australia has
new submarines, the partners urgently need to move forward with this
second stage, which covers capabilities that could be deployed
within the next few years and are needed quickly given the growing
threat posed by China.
"Undersea drones, swarming drones, ubiquitous surveillance, advanced
AI and data analytics are all in this potential wheelhouse but ITAR
(International Traffic in Arms Regulations) prevents the types of
cooperation that is needed," said Greenwalt, referring to U.S.
export rules.
A State Department spokesperson said the United States was working
to streamline the defense trade process, adding: "We do not
anticipate any challenges in implementing AUKUS due to U.S.
export-control regulations."
AUSTRALIAN WORKERS TO THE U.S
The U.S. Congress has been briefed in recent weeks on the AUKUS deal
to garner support for the legal changes needed to smooth out
technology transfer issues for the highly secret nuclear propulsion
and sonar systems that will be aboard Australia’s new submarines, a
congressional source said on condition of anonymity.
Over the next five years, Australian workers will come to U.S.
submarine shipyards to observe and train, the source said, adding
that this could help ease a shortfall of U.S. shipyard workers.
It is unclear how AUKUS might affect the U.S. Navy's own submarine
acquisitions. General Dynamics Corp, which makes Virginia class
submarines, has 17 of them in its current backlog delivering through
2032.
Australia's Defence Minister Richard Marles said on Thursday the
submarines would ensure peace and stability across the Indo-Pacific,
Southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean.
"It is difficult to overstate the step that as a nation we are about
to take," said Marles. "We have never operated a military capability
at this level before."
Justin Burke, a visiting fellow at Australia's Lowy Institute think
tank, said the aim was for a straightforward and cost-effective plan
to supply submarines and starting with an existing design like the
Virginia Class was "a very plausible way forward."
"There are always considerable challenges in designing submarines
from scratch, especially if you are combining technology from
different nations and potentially manufacturing across multiple
locations. Acquiring several submarines up front would mitigate
those risks considerably," he said.
(Reporting by David Brunnstrom, Phil Stewart, Idrees Ali, Mike
Stone, Jonathan Landay, Joel Schectman, Steve Holland and Kirsty
Needham; Editing by Don Durfee and Lincoln Feast.)
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