Locks of hair compose a symphony of genetic information on Beethoven
Send a link to a friend
[March 23, 2023]
By Will Dunham
(Reuters) - Using five locks of hair, scientists have sequenced the
genome of one of history's greatest musical composers - Ludwig van
Beethoven - nearly two centuries after his death, gaining insight into
his fatal liver disease but not his hearing loss.
Researchers said on Wednesday his genome showed the German composer was
both genetically predisposed to liver disease and had hepatitis B virus
infection. An autopsy after his 1827 death at age 56 in Vienna
determined he had cirrhosis of the liver, a disease often caused by
chronic drinking. The new findings suggest there were multiple factors
behind his liver disease including genetics, viral infection and alcohol
consumption.
"Beethoven's liver disease risk, which arises predominately from
mutations in two genes - PNPLA3 and HFE - would have roughly tripled his
risk for the full spectrum of progressive liver disease," said
University of Cambridge biological anthropologist Tristan Begg, lead
author of the study published in the journal Current Biology.
"On their own, these risk factors are not of great concern to most
people who have them, but there would have been a harmful interaction
effect with his alcohol consumption," Begg added. "Prior to this study,
alcohol was the only definitely known risk factor for Beethoven's liver
disease."
The presence of the Hepatitis B virus, incorporated into Beethoven's
genome, indicated a liver infection at least a few months before his
death and maybe earlier.
Beethoven experienced progressive hearing loss starting at age 29 and by
44 his hearing loss was complete, though he continued to compose
masterpieces.
"We were ultimately unable to find a genetic explanation for Beethoven's
hearing loss, though this by no means precludes such an explanation, as
several possible explanations could not be reliably or comprehensively
evaluated," Begg said.
There was no evidence found for conditions hypothesized by some experts
such as otosclerosis or Paget's disease, Begg said.
A towering figure in the history of Western civilization, Beethoven was
a brilliant and innovative composer of symphonies, sonatas, concertos
and other pieces, along with a single opera. Many of his works have
become immortal, including his Symphonies No. 5, No. 6 and No. 9,
Moonlight Sonata and Für Elise.
[to top of second column]
|
Memorabilia of Ludwig van Beethoven are
seen inside a souvenir shop ahead of his 250th birth anniversary in
Bonn, Germany December 13, 2019. REUTERS/Leon Kuegeler
In 1802, Beethoven asked in a document called the Heiligenstadt
Testament that his doctor publicly describe his hearing loss and
other health issues after his death so that "as far as possible at
least the world will be reconciled to me."
"Beethoven's music continues to inspire millions nearly 200 years
after his death," Begg said. "It was valuable to carry out this
study first to attempt to satisfy Beethoven's own wishes regarding
the understanding of his health, but also in the interests of more
accurately conveying the facts of his biography, which was also of
concern to him."
The researchers analyzed eight locks of hair from public and private
collections in the United States and Europe, determining that five
of them matched and were almost certainly authentic as his. The
best-preserved one, called the Stumpff Lock based on the name of a
man who once possessed it, was used to sequence his genome.
"The DNA was really degraded," said study co-author Johannes Krause,
director of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
in Germany.
"It was really hard to actually get enough DNA from such a sample to
assemble a genome. We had to extract the DNA from more than 2 meters
(7 feet) of hair from one of the locks, the so-called Stumpff Lock,"
Krause added.
The study did not pinpoint a cause for gastrointestinal issues
Beethoven experienced, finding no predisposition, for example, to
Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis.
It also explored Beethoven's ancestry, unearthing an unexpected
detail. Genetic data from Beethoven and five living relatives
revealed there had been a child resulting from an extramarital
relationship on his father's side of the family in the generations
before the composer's birth.
(Reporting by Will Dunham in Washington, Editing by Rosalba O'Brien)
[© 2023 Thomson Reuters. All rights
reserved.]This material may not be published,
broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
Thompson Reuters is solely responsible for this content. |