Will Venezuela's disputed election lead to new era of isolation?
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[August 01, 2024]
By Marianna Parraga
HOUSTON (Reuters) - The United States is considering fresh sanctions on
Venezuela following Sunday's disputed presidential election. Incumbent
President Nicolas Maduro claimed victory, but opposition leaders say
tallies show their candidate Edmundo Gonzalez won more than twice as
many votes as Maduro.
If governments in North America and Europe seek to impose new measures
against Maduro's administration, they could potentially return the
country to isolation, analysts said.
WHAT SANCTIONS IS VENEZUELA ALREADY UNDER?
Venezuela has been hit with economic and oil sanctions by several
countries since 2017 over accusations of corruption, drug trafficking
and human rights violations. The most severe package has been imposed by
the U.S. in the last five years following Maduro's 2018 reelection,
which Washington rejected as a sham.
An easing of some sanctions last year to encourage the 2024 election was
reversed in April after the U.S. said Maduro had failed to meet all his
commitments. That meant individual companies have to apply for licenses
to operate in the energy sector, although a key license to U.S. producer
Chevron granted in 2022 remains in force.
Maduro has bristled against the sanctions, which include more than 900
punitive measures, according to data by the Venezuelan government. He
has called them illegal and demanded their withdrawal.
"They made us lose 99% of our revenue," Maduro said in a broadcast
speech last week. "(But) no school or university was closed, not a
single social program was canceled. We have reinvented ourselves."
WHAT FURTHER SANCTIONS COULD FOLLOW?
Options being considered by the U.S. include individual sanctions on
officials, including U.S. travel bans for those linked to the disputed
election, according to sources in Washington.
That could later escalate to other types of sanctions if deemed
necessary, including measures on the financial and energy sectors, they
said.
U.S. officials said on Monday they were not currently considering any
changes to Chevron's license or to other individual authorizations.
Chevron's license has become a flagship mechanism to recover debt by
exporting Venezuelan crude, copied by other companies with operations in
the country.
The officials said they were coordinating with regional allies on a
response and would also work with international partners on potential
consequences.
The European Union has also imposed sanctions on Venezuela in recent
years, and along with the U.S., Brazil and other countries has urged
Venezuela's National Electoral Council to provide immediate access to
the voting tallies.
"Until voting records are made public and are verified, the election
results as already declared cannot be recognized," it said.
HOW COULD THIS AFFECT THE ENERGY SECTOR?
Venezuela's crude oil production averaged 884,000 barrels per day (bpd)
in the first half of this year, 15% above the same period of 2023, but
well below the 3.2 million bpd peak in 1997 before late President Hugo
Chavez took office.
About two-thirds of Venezuela's crude production capacity has been lost
in the last decade due to a lack of investment, an exodus of skilled
workers, mismanagement and corruption at state company PDVSA and, more
recently, sanctions.
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People carry Venezuela's national flag to protest the election
results that awarded Venezuela's President Nicolas Maduro with a
third term, in Maracaibo, Venezuela July 30, 2024. REUTERS/Isaac
Urrutia
The same problems have kept Venezuela's gas industry severely
underdeveloped. The country's gas output - which is now half of what
it was in 2016 - is not enough to meet domestic demand despite
Venezuela having the largest reserves in Latin America. Venezuela is
flaring, or burning off, a large portion of production.
An eventual return to full sanctions on the energy industry would
put a ceiling on Venezuela's scant progress to recover oil output,
making it difficult to meet its goal of 1.2 million bpd by year end.
Even when oil sanctions were temporarily eased, PDVSA continued
using intermediaries to export its crude, who demanded large price
discounts and led to a dark fleet of tankers to disguise deliveries,
triggering more sanctions.
If individual licenses are restricted, the volume of fuel imports
Venezuela can source to ease its domestic deficit is expected to
decline, creating the likelihood of increased scarcity.
Waves of fuel scarcity in recent years have slowed down the economy,
contributing to inflation and shortages of basic goods, including
food and medicine.
WILL MADURO'S ALLIES STICK WITH HIM?
China, the top destination of Venezuela's oil, has never halted
imports even amid sanctions. It has already recognized Maduro as the
election's winner and said it was ready to enrich its strategic
partnership with the OPEC-member country.
Venezuela also has relied on Russia and Iran in recent years to
secure financing, diluents and imported fuel for domestic use, and
for trading help to allocate exports.
A new alliance with Iran is seen as critical by analysts to keeping
Venezuela's lagging energy sector afloat, but that could leave other
partners that were negotiating project expansions and new ventures
with PDVSA out of the picture.
COULD ENERGY SANCTIONS AFFECT THE U.S. OR EUROPE?
Even though Chevron has ramped up deliveries of Venezuelan crude to
the United States since early 2023, its about 200,000 bpd of heavy
crude arriving into the U.S. are not considered essential for
refiners.
An interruption of that flow could briefly impact prices of some
crude grades, but refineries are not expected to struggle in the
long run to find replacements.
In Europe, just a handful of refiners have facilities capable of
processing Venezuela's heavy crudes. Other large importers,
including India, might need to increase intake of Russian or Middle
Eastern grades, as they have done in the past.
(Reporting by Marianna Parraga in Houston, additional reporting by
Matt Spetalnick in Washinghton; Editing by Rosalba O'Brien)
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