US achieves first moon landing in half century with private spacecraft
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[February 23, 2024]
By Steve Gorman and Joey Roulette
(Reuters) - A spacecraft built and flown by Texas-based company
Intuitive Machines landed near the moon's south pole on Thursday, the
first U.S. touchdown on the lunar surface in more than half a century
and the first ever achieved by the private sector.
NASA, with several research instruments aboard the vehicle, hailed the
landing as a major achievement in its goal of sending a squad of
commercially flown spacecraft on scientific scouting missions to the
moon ahead of a planned return of astronauts there later this decade.
But initial communications problems following Thursday's landing raised
questions about whether the vehicle may have been left impaired or
obstructed in some way.
The uncrewed six-legged robot lander, dubbed Odysseus, touched down at
about 6:23 p.m. EST (2323 GMT), the company and NASA commentators said
in a joint webcast of the landing from Intuitive Machines' mission
operations center in Houston.
The landing capped a nail-biting final approach and descent in which a
problem surfaced with the spacecraft's autonomous navigation system that
required engineers on the ground to employ an untested work-around at
the 11th hour.
It also took some time after an anticipated radio blackout to
re-establish communications with the spacecraft and determine its fate
some 239,000 miles (384,000 km) from Earth.
When contact was finally renewed, the signal was faint, confirming that
the lander had touched down but leaving mission control immediately
uncertain as to the precise condition and orientation of the vehicle,
according to the webcast.
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"Our equipment is on the surface of the moon, and we are transmitting,
so congratulations IM team," Intuitive Machines mission director Tim
Crain was heard telling the operations center. "We'll see what more we
can get from that."
Later in the evening, the company posted a message on the social media
platform X saying flight controllers "have confirmed Odysseus is upright
and starting to send data."
QUESTION OF OBSTRUCTION
Still, the weak signal suggested the spacecraft may have landed next to
a crater wall or something else that blocked or impinged its antenna,
said Thomas Zurbuchen, a former NASA science chief who oversaw creation
of the agency's commercial moon lander program.
"Sometimes it could just be one rock, one big boulder, that's in the
way," he said in a phone interview with Reuters.
Such an issue could complicate the lander's primary mission of deploying
its payloads and meeting science objectives, Zurbuchen said.
Accomplishing the landing is "a major intermediate goal, but the goal of
the mission is to do science, and get the pictures back and so forth,"
he added.
NASA Administrator Bill Nelson immediately cheered Thursday's feat as a
"triumph," saying, "Odysseus has taken the moon."
As planned, the spacecraft was believed to have come to rest at a crater
named Malapert A near the moon's south pole, according to the webcast.
The spacecraft was not designed to provide live video of the landing,
which came one day after it reached lunar orbit and a week after its
launch from Florida.
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The Nova-C lunar lander designed by aerospace company Intuitive
Machines is displayed at the company's headquarters in Houston,
Texas, U.S., October 3, 2023. REUTERS/Evan Garcia/File Photo
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Thursday's landing represented the first controlled descent to the
lunar surface by a U.S. spacecraft since Apollo 17 in 1972, when
NASA's last crewed moon mission landed there with astronauts Gene
Cernan and Harrison Schmitt.
To date, spacecraft from just four other countries have ever landed
on the moon - the former Soviet Union, China, India and, mostly
recently, just last month, Japan. The United States is the only one
ever to have sent humans to the lunar surface.
Odysseus is carrying a suite of scientific instruments and
technology demonstrations for NASA and several commercial customers
designed to operate for seven days on solar energy before the sun
sets over the polar landing site.
The NASA payload focuses on space weather interactions with the
moon's surface, radio astronomy and other aspects of the lunar
environment for future landing missions.
Odysseus was sent on its way to the moon last Thursday atop a Falcon
9 rocket launched by Elon Musk's company SpaceX from NASA's Kennedy
Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Florida.
DAWN OF ARTEMIS
Its arrival marked the first "soft landing" on the moon ever by a
commercially manufactured and operated vehicle and the first under
NASA's Artemis lunar program, as the U.S. races to return astronauts
to Earth's natural satellite before China lands its own crewed
spacecraft there.
NASA aims to land its first crewed Artemis in late 2026 as part of
long-term, sustained lunar exploration and a stepping stone toward
eventual human flights to Mars. The initiative focuses on the moon's
south pole in part because a presumed bounty of frozen water exists
there that can be used for life support and production of rocket
fuel.
A host of small landers like Odysseus are expected to pave the way
under NASA's Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) program,
designed to deliver instruments and hardware to the moon at lower
costs than the U.S. space agency's traditional method of building
and launching those vehicles itself.
Leaning more heavily on smaller, less experienced private ventures
comes with its own risks.
Just last month the lunar lander of another firm, Astrobotic
Technology, suffered a propulsion system leak on its way to the moon
shortly after being placed in orbit on Jan. 8 by a United Launch
Alliance (ULA) Vulcan rocket.
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The malfunction of Astrobotic's Peregrine lander marked the third
failure of a private company to achieve a lunar touchdown, following
ill-fated efforts by companies from Israel and Japan.
Although Odysseus is the latest star of NASA's CLPS program, the
IM-1 flight is considered an Intuitive Machines mission. The company
was co-founded in 2013 by Stephen Altemus, former deputy director of
NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston and now the company's
president and CEO.
(Reporting by Steve Gorman in Los Angeles and Joey Roulette in
Washington; Writing by Steve Gorman; Editing by Sonali Paul, Josie
Kao and Raju Gopalakrishnan)
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