Ranchers say expanding herds to take advantage of record retail beef
prices isn't so simple
[July 31, 2025] By
STEVE KARNOWSKI
MINNEAPOLIS (AP) — In a period when retail beef prices are at an
all-time high and consumers are still willing to pay, South Dakota
rancher Calli Williams would love to cash in. But it's not so simple.
Williams and her husband, Tate, raise about 70 cow-calf pairs near
Letcher in southeastern South Dakota, roughly 18 miles (29 kilometers)
north of Mitchell. They own about 80 acres (32 hectares) and rent
additional pasture.
Between the drought that hit cattle country hard over the last few
years, still being maxed out on the grass available to feed their
animals, and with land prices rising, she said, they simply can’t yet
make the financial investments that they’d need to raise production.
“It is a goal of ours to expand,” she said. “I’m just not sure if that
will be in the 10-year plan or even longer.”
Biology is a barrier to expansion
Farmers and ranchers across the U.S. would love to take greater
advantage of the high prices, but with the U.S. herd at record lows,
they can’t meet the demand quickly. It's basic biology.
“It takes three years to get more cows — between making a decision,
having that gestation period, having the calf born, raising the calf
until it, too, can have a calf," said Michael Swanson, chief
agricultural economist for the Wells Fargo Agri-Food Institute in
Minneapolis.
Drought has eased but the impacts persist
The Williamses' county was hard hit by drought over the previous few
seasons. Because of the lack of their grass and uneconomically high hay
prices, they had to sell all their young females last year that could
have produced more calves for them this year, she said.
Their area has caught some rain lately, though. It has improved to just
“abnormally dry” in recent U.S. Drought Monitor reports. But Williams
said they’re simply playing catch-up.
Swanson said some of the main cattle areas in North America — from
Saskatchewan and Manitoba in Canada down to Texas in the U.S. — are just
naturally prone to drought. It's often boom or bust.
Colin Woodall, CEO of the National Cattlemen’s Beef Association, said a
lot of cattle country has had good rain this summer, but it's a cyclical
business.
“Sometimes we have good times, and sometimes we don’t,” Woodall said.
“And we are just coming off what was a pretty significant negative hit
to the cattle industry in ’19, ’20 and ’21, with the height of the
pandemic. So we have a lot of producers who are still trying to pay off
bills from those times."
Fear of future drought is also a factor
And Woodall said his members are still leery. They're asking how long
the better weather will last.
“We’re getting some good moisture now. But will it be that way in the
fall? Will it be that way next year?” he said. “Because the last thing
you want to do is pay to rebuild your herd and then just have to
liquidate them again in six months to a year.”
Although it’s difficult to attribute any single weather event, such as a
drought, directly to climate change, scientists say that rising
temperatures stoked by climate change are increasing the odds of both
severe droughts and heavier precipitation, which wreak havoc on people
and the environment.
When extreme weather collides with tight margins, farmers and ranchers
feel the squeeze.
The economics: Prices have soared to record highs
Retail beef prices have hit record highs with no relief for consumers in
sight. Ground beef rose to an average of $6.12 per pound in June, up
nearly 12% from 2024. The average price of all steaks rose 8% to $11.49
per pound.
[to top of second column] |
Several pounds of short ribs show the price per pound at Deep Cuts
Dallas Butcher Shop, Thursday, July 24, 2025, in Dallas. (AP
Photo/Tony Gutierrez)
 And the average prices that
producers receive for cattle and calves have increased from $1.51
per pound in May 2020 to $4.05 in May of this year.
But herds have still shrunk
The total U.S. cattle herd is the smallest it has been at midyear
since the government began keeping those figures in 1973, and
probably since the 1950s. There were few signs in the U.S.
Department of Agriculture data released last Friday that producers
have begun rebuilding herds.
As of July 1, the U.S. had 94.2 million cattle and calves, down from
the last midyear peak in 2019 of nearly 103 million. Critical for
the future supply, 2025 calf production is projected at 33.1 million
head, down 1% from last year.
Derrell Peel, a livestock marketing specialist at Oklahoma State
University, said if producers were planning to grow their herds, the
USDA reports would have shown them keeping heifers — female cows
that haven’t given birth yet.
Yet consumer demand remains high
While retail prices are high, consumers so far have been willing to
pay them.
Glynn Tonsor, who leads the Meat Demand Monitor at Kansas State
University, said taste is the most important consideration when
shoppers choose proteins — and beef remains the favorite.
The late June report found that consumers were willing to fork out
$17.62 a pound for rib-eye steaks and $8.82 for a pound of ground
beef. That’s more than the $7.13 they’d pay for pork chops, $6.19
for bacon, or $8.55 for chicken breasts.
A major reason, Woodall offered, is that the beef industry has
focused on the eating experience.
“The kind of beef that we are producing today is some of the highest
quality, best tasting beef that we’ve ever produced in history here
in the United States," he said. “So, things such as USDA prime
graded steaks that at one point in time you could only get in a
restaurant, you can now get that in a grocery store.”
For consumers who balk at costs, the marketing specialist Peel said,
pork and poultry are “abundant and quite favorably priced."
Meanwhile, back at the ranch
The Williamses, who are both 34, built their TW Angus business from
scratch. Tate Williams started buying cattle when he was in high
school, and they bought their land in 2015. They sell bulls in the
spring and keep heifers when they can. They also raise steers in
their own feedlot and sell the meat directly to consumers.
“We would really like to expand our operation," Calli Williams said.
"We have a goal of being able to pass this on to the next
generation,” Williams said, meaning their sons Jack, 7, and Tommy,
nearly 4.
But recalling a friend’s words, she said ranchers are a resilient
bunch.
“We’re optimistic that if Mother Nature — she wreaked havoc on us,
whether that was a drought or a flood — that next year she’ll be
kinder to us, “ she said. ”Or, if the markets weren’t on our side,
we’re optimistic that the markets will be on our side next time.”
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