Preliminary tests find germ that causes botulism in ByHeart baby formula
[November 10, 2025]
By JONEL ALECCIA
Preliminary tests showed that ByHeart baby formula contained the type of
bacteria that produces the toxin linked to a botulism outbreak,
California health officials said.
The outbreak has sickened at least 13 infants in 10 states. No deaths
have been reported.
“Consumers in possession of this product should stop using it
immediately,” the California Department of Public Health said in a
statement late Saturday.
More tests of ByHeart Whole Nutrition Infant Formula are pending as
state and federal health officials investigate the outbreak that started
in mid-August. The New York-based company this weekend recalled two lots
of the powdered product.
Here’s what to know about the outbreak and infant botulism.
Infant botulism outbreak
The outbreak of infant botulism has sickened babies aged 2 weeks to 5
months since mid-August. All were hospitalized after consuming ByHeart
powdered formula, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention.
The cases occurred in Arizona, California, Illinois, Minnesota, New
Jersey, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Texas and Washington.
ByHeart officials agreed to recall two lots of the company's Whole
Nutrition Infant Formula, according to the U.S. Food and Drug
Administration. The formula has a best-by date of December 2026.
California health officials tested a can of the powdered formula that
was fed to a baby who fell ill. The results “suggest the presence” of
the type of bacteria that produces the botulism toxin confirmed in other
cases. It can take several days to confirm the results.
ByHeart officials said that “more testing is needed” to know whether the
type of bacteria that causes botulism is present. It comes from a large
family of bacteria, many of which are found naturally in the environment
and don't cause illness, the company said.
“We take this very seriously,” it said in a statement Sunday.
The FDA is investigating reports of 83 cases of infant botulism reported
since August including the cases linked to ByHeart baby formula.
Causes of infant botulism
Infant botulism typically affects fewer than 200 babies in the U.S. each
year. It is caused by a type of bacteria that produces toxins in the
large intestine. The bacterium is spread through hardy spores present in
the environment that can cause serious illness, including paralysis.
Infants younger than 1 are particularly vulnerable and can be sickened
after exposure to the spores in dust, dirt or water or by eating
contaminated honey.
Symptoms can take weeks to develop and can include poor feeding, loss of
head control, drooping eyelids and a flat facial expression. Babies may
feel “floppy” and can have problems swallowing or breathing.
No known outbreaks of infant botulism tied to powdered formula have
previously been confirmed, said Dr. Steven Abrams, a University of Texas
nutrition expert.
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The Food and Drug Administration seal is seen at the Hubert Humphrey
Building Auditorium in Washington, April 22, 2025. (AP Photo/Jose
Luis Magana, File)
 “This would be extremely rare,” he
said.
Infant botulism treatment
The only treatment is known as BabyBIG, an IV medication made from
the pooled blood plasma of adults immunized against botulism.
California's Infant Botulism Treatment and Prevention Program
developed the product and is the sole source worldwide.
BabyBIG works to shorten hospital stays and decrease the severity of
illness in babies with botulism. Because the infection can affect
the ability to breathe, infants often need to be placed on
ventilators.
All of the children in the ByHeart outbreak have received the
medication, the CDC said.
Potential impact on U.S. formula supplies
There is no danger of infant formula shortages because of this
outbreak. ByHeart, which was founded in 2016, accounts for an
estimated 1% of national formula sales, according to the CDC. The
company sells formula through its website and in retail stores
nationwide.
That's different from the crisis in late 2021 and 2022, when four
infants were sickened by a different germ after consuming formula
made by Abbott Nutrition. Two of the babies died. No direct link was
found between the Abbott products and the infections caused by
cronobacter sakazakii, but FDA officials closed the company's
Michigan plant after contamination and other problems were detected.
Abbott recalled top brands of infant formula, triggering a massive
nationwide shortage that lasted for months.
In 2022, ByHeart recalled five batches of infant formula after a
sample at the company's packaging plant tested positive for
cronobacter sakazakii, the germ at the heart of the Abbott crisis.
In 2023, the FDA sent a warning letter to the company detailing
“areas that still require corrective actions.”
Reviewing infant formula ingredients
Federal health officials have vowed to overhaul the U.S. food supply
and are taking a new look at infant formula.
Health Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. has directed the Food and
Drug Administration to review the nutrients and other ingredients in
infant formula, which fills the bottles of millions of American
babies.
The effort, dubbed “Operation Stork Speed,” is the first deep look
at the ingredients since 1998.
FDA officials are reviewing comments from industry, health experts
and public to decide next steps.
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