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 The European Banking Authority (EBA) will on Tuesday reveal the
crisis scenarios that banks will have to prove they can withstand
without resorting to the kind of taxpayer bailouts that all but
bankrupted some countries in the 2008-2012 crisis.
Banks that fall short of capital under the imagined scenarios will
have to produce a plan to boost their reserves by raising fresh
funds from investors, selling assets or hanging on to profits
instead of paying dividends.
Banks have already raised billions in capital and made other reforms
ahead of the tests, which regulators hope will finally banish any
investor doubts about the industry and allow it to refocus on
lending to boost growth.
The European economy has rallied since the last round of bank stress
tests three years ago and sharply lower borrowing rates for
countries such as Greece — which can now borrow five year money at
an interest rate below 5 percent against the 20 percent it was
paying when the 2011 tests were done — support the idea that the
worst of the euro zone crisis has passed.
But with widespread criticism heaped on 2010 and 2011 stress tests
for being too soft, and new risks on the horizon, regulators are
likely to set tougher conditions all the same.
"The key is that the scenario is at least as deep and dark as the
great recession, the financial crisis of 2008/2009," said Mark Zandi,
Philadelphia-based chief economist at Moody's Analytics. "You can
easily conceive a scenario as severe as what we went through."
AS TOUGH AS THE U.S.
Figures leaked ahead of Tuesday's announcement show regulators are
taking a tougher line on economic growth than in 2011, when 18 of
the EU's 27 countries at that time posted weaker growth than the
"adverse" case they were tested against for 2012.
The most dramatic miss was Greece, where an adverse scenario of a
1.2 percent contraction in real gross domestic product (GDP) proved
far more optimistic than the 7 percent contraction that actually
occurred.
"One of the key areas is the nature of the GDP stress, and how that
is dispersed between jurisdictions," said Stephen Smith, head of
KPMG's taskforce on the review of European banks.
One source with knowledge of the scenarios said there was a case for
applying tougher scenarios for countries that had not yet had major
crises, since those nations had further to fall — an idea that would
be contested by countries such as Germany.
"A way of fudging it is to be too generous with growth forecasts for
the periphery," said Colin McLean, chief executive at
Edinburgh-based SVM Asset Management. "(The market will accept it)
as long as the overall GDP assumption is more stringent than the
last time and looks like it's in line with the U.S."
The last version of the U.S. stress tests set the adverse scenario
for domestic GDP at as much as 4.7 percentage points worse than the
expected scenario for one quarter, though the average gap was closer
to 2 percentage points. The EU tests have a gap of between 1.5
percentage points and 2.2 percentage points between the base and the
adverse cases.
Analysts view economic growth as the most significant factor in the
stress tests, with KPMG's Smith noting that losses on banks'
mortgages and business loans would be primarily driven by GDP
projections, as well as assumptions around unemployment.
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OTHER STRESSES
The treatment of others issues, such as government bonds, will also
be important, analysts and bankers said.
The 2011 tests were criticized for not appropriately measuring the
risk of banks' government bond holdings, because they did not test
whether banks could withstand a sovereign default similar to the one
Greece ultimately enacted.
Neil Williamson, head of EMEA credit research at Aberdeen Asset
Management, said another new factor in this year's tests was the
deflationary environment the euro zone could be facing.
Annualized inflation in the euro zone stood at just 0.5 percent in
March, its lowest level since 2009, and fears about deflation — where prices fall — are rife.
Williamson said deflation would hit borrowers' ability to make loan
repayments to banks. New lending would also likely fall as consumers
would be reluctant to borrow to fund the purchase of an asset that
would be cheaper in the future.
"It's clear that deflation is going to be a risk overall at a macro
level, but whether they actually push that far enough (is unclear)
... I suspect they will focus more on GDP," said SVM Asset
Management's McLean.
In previous stress tests, banks used expected earnings from
activities in emerging markets to cushion the blow of an imagined
recession in Europe. But recent crises engulfing Russia and Ukraine
make this less plausible now, and some banks even expect to be
tested against specific emerging market stresses.
"What's going on in the emerging markets is a real threat to the
developed world," said Moody's Analytics' Zandi. "Many of the
high-flying economies are coming back to earth."
An interest rate test — or how banks would survive if low interest
rates continue to squeeze margins — is another scenario Aberdeen's
Williamson expects to see included.
CHANGING CONCERNS
While the EBA's latest information on the stress tests is likely to
give investors and analysts some insights into how tough the tests
are going to be, it is unlikely to allow them to draw any
conclusions about their likely outcome.
"I strongly doubt we will get enough detail from the announcement on
scenarios for the market to be able to reverse engineer the tests,"
said one analyst who asked not to be named.
Working out which banks will pass and fail, and by what margin, is
not everyone's objective anyway. "What we're looking for is
relevance of the scenarios, do they address what we believe is the
risk on the ground?" said Aberdeen's Williamson.
Investor views of those risks have shifted hugely since the last
tests were done, he said, pointing out that investors were very
worried about "tail risk" — or low probability negative events — back in 2011, but are now so confident in the state of European
banking that they're willing to accept an interest rate of 4.5
percent from National Bank of Greece <NBGr.AT>.
That begs the question of how much attention investors will pay to
the EBA's findings.
"It's quite staggering how far we've come," Williamson said.
"Investors will increasingly come to ignore these scenarios."
(Editing by Mark Potter)
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