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 Poor economic performance? An obvious effect of a U.S. trade
embargo that amounted to a blockade of the island nation by a
bullying superpower.
Arrests of dissidents? A legitimate act of self-defense against
mercenaries working for the world's richest nation, which backed the
failed Bay of Pigs invasion and plots to assassinate revolutionary
leader Fidel Castro.
Now, though, with Washington agreeing to restore full diplomatic
ties that were cut in the early 1960s, Cuba's communist government
may not be able to blame its old Cold War nemesis so readily.
"The big bad wolf of Yankee imperialism is softening its teeth - so
they won't have that ready-made scapegoat any more for things that
are wrong on the island," said a Latin American diplomat who used to
live in Cuba and still tracks events there.
Cuba has repeatedly sought to dispel the idea that it secretly
wanted the embargo in place, saying if the Americans believed that
they should challenge Cuba by lifting it.
With that now a greater possibility, however, there are risks.
 Latin American countries and others that supported Cuba in its long
battle against the United States may become less tolerant of its
one-party rule, repression of dissidents and strict controls over
the economy and the media if the U.S. threat disappears.
"There wouldn't be any justification that we're in a state of war
because the Americans are constantly attacking us. They won't be
able to justify it, at least not to their friends," said Jose Daniel
Ferrer, leader of the Cuban Patriotic Union (UNPACU), Cuba's largest
dissident organization.
U.S. President Barack Obama has made clear he expects improved human
rights in Cuba as part of the deal to restore full relations. The
U.S. government called it "a critical focus of our increased
engagement."
The rapprochement announced on Wednesday included a prisoner swap --
U.S. citizen Alan Gross and a Cuban who spied for the United States
were freed in exchange for three Cuban agents who were serving time
in U.S. prison.
A U.S. official said Cuba also released 53 people deemed by
Washington to be political prisoners.
Still, the deal refocuses attention on Cuba's human rights record as
its critics accuse Obama of giving up too much for the return of
Gross, who the U.S. government insisted was innocent.
Cuba has released most of its political prisoners, with Amnesty
International putting the number in single digits and UNPACU saying
it is between 90 and 100.
Instead, the government detains dissidents for several hours or days
at a time, as it did in public demonstrations at a busy Havana
square on Dec. 10, rounding up dozens who responded to a call to
protest by the opposition group Ladies in White.
ECONOMIC IMPACT
President Raul Castro, 83, has pushed through market-style economic
reforms since taking over from his ailing older brother Fidel in
2008.
On the day he took office, he said Cubans should not use the embargo
as an excuse for perennial shortages and economic hardship and he
poked fun at the blame game in a 2010 appearance before parliament.
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But his reforms are slow-moving and he has said the wider goal is to
strengthen Cuban socialism, not weaken it.
So it was no surprise that even when announcing the U.S.-Cuban
political breakthrough, simultaneously with President Barack Obama
in separate speeches, Castro also reminded the world the sanctions
were still in place.
"This doesn't mean the main problem is resolved," he said. "The
economic, commercial and financial blockade that causes our nation
massive human and economic damage must stop."
Cuba estimates the sanctions have cost its economy about $117
billion in lost trade and extra costs, including nearly $4 billion
in the most recent annual estimate.
Critics say Cuba exaggerates the costs and has found commercial
work-arounds with friendlier nations but the impact of not trading
directly with the United States has been huge - from lost sales of
sugar and other products to the inability to import cheap medicines.
Obama can significantly weaken the U.S. sanctions with executive
authority and the White House has said it hopes the U.S. Congress
will formally lift the embargo before Obama leaves office in January
2017.
The United States and Cuba have accused each other of sabotaging
previous efforts at closer ties but all signs indicate Cuba would
welcome a controlled flow of U.S. investment, especially with its
main foreign ally Venezuela suffering from economic disarray.
Castro will almost certainly look to control the pace of economic
change rather than allow a surge of U.S. influence into Cuba and
opponents say they expect the government to find new reasons to
justify tight communist control.
"If they no longer have the excuse of the ferocious wolf, they'll
always find others," said former Cuban dissident Ohalys Victore, who
left the island in 2002 and now sells life insurance in Arizona.
As part of Obama's policy change, Washington is allowing U.S.
telecoms providers to offer services in Cuba - a potential boost to
the slowest internet in the Americas but perhaps not immediately
welcome in a tightly-controlled society.
"That potentially shifts the onus onto the Cuban government if they
can't expand internet access," said Antoni Kapcia, a Cuba expert at
Nottingham University in England, saying justification for internet
under-development would be harder.
"They may have lost that bit of an alibi."
(Additional reporting by Andrew Cawthorne in Caracas, Editing by
Kieran Murray)
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