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Low production may hamper
exploitation of higher prices
[OCT.
25, 2002]
URBANA — Relatively higher
grain prices compared with those in the past few years may not
offset lower yields caused by Illinois’ adverse weather conditions
this growing season, warned a University of Illinois Extension farm
management specialist.
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"While the summer’s price upswing has
been welcomed by producers, some may find that the higher prices may
not completely offset lower revenue caused by lower yields as a
result of adverse weather conditions," said Dale Lattz. "In
addition, higher grain prices will reduce the amount of farm program
payments. There most likely will be limited loan deficiency
payments, and no counter-cyclical payments are scheduled for this
fall."
Further aggravating the potential
economic bad news is the fact that the new farm bill does not
include provisions for market loss assistance and oilseed payments
that have been paid out in the past few years.
"Higher grain prices will offset much
of the drop in farm program payments for producers with average or
above-average yields," said Lattz. "This will not be the case for
producers with a shortfall in production.
[to top of second column in
this article]
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"Even for producers with normal yields,
their cash flow will be altered considerably this year due to the
drop in farm program payments. Others who had been in the practice
of prepaying expenses before the end of the year may decide not to
this year."
Lattz outlined the situation in a Sept.
30 report, "Cash Flows Tight on Many Grain Farms This Year Because
of Reduced Government Payments," that is part of the "Farm
Economics: Facts and Opinions" series from the University of
Illinois College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental
Sciences. The report is available at
http://www.farmdoc.uiuc.edu/manage/
newsletters/fefo02_18/fefo02_18.html.
He noted, however, that a significant
drop in grain prices could change the developing scenario.
"For some producers, crop insurance
proceeds will offset some of the loss in revenue due to lower
yields," said Lattz. "The drop in farm program payments also has
cash flow and income tax planning ramifications that producers need
to examine."
The full report includes tables
comparing estimated farm program payments for 2001 and 2002 for a
central Illinois grain farm. Lattz noted that differences in farm
program payments between 2001 and 2002 will vary from farm to farm
depending upon a number of factors.
"These
factors include base acres and yields for different program crops,
crop rotations, and actual yields," he said.
[U of I news release] |
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The next big step: a nitrogen
applicator with 20/20 vision
[OCT.
24, 2002]
URBANA — The fertilizer
applicator moving across the University of Illinois agricultural
engineering farms passed a crucial test in the past year — an eye
test.
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U of I’s fertilizer applicator
possesses something that you don’t usually find on farm machinery.
It has a high-tech eye, a single camera mounted roughly 12 feet in
front of the boom. Researchers tested the vision sensor last year
and found that it was extremely accurate in determining whether
plants are under stress due to a lack of nitrogen.
According to agricultural engineer Qin
Zhang, the sensor’s ability to detect nitrogen stress in plants was
comparable to leaf tests using a SPAD meter.
This year, Zhang said, the goal is to
merge the sensor with variable-rate technology. The result will be a
machine that uses its high-tech eyesight to scan the plants as it
moves across the field. The resulting data is then sent to a
computer that controls the variable-rate applicator. The applicator
varies the rate of fertilizer according to the nitrogen needs of
different plants. And it does the job on the fly in real time.
As Zhang and fellow agricultural
engineer Alan Hansen put it, such machines are the next big step for
variable-rate technology.
Currently, Hansen explained, farmers
must map the field in a separate pass, either aerial or on-ground.
Then the map is plugged into a computer and used to vary the rate of
fertilizer. But there is a considerable delay between creating the
map and actually applying the nitrogen.
With this new system, the images are
taken and processed literally seconds before the fertilizer is
applied.
To determine nitrogen stress in corn
plants, the applicator-mounted sensor analyzes the reflectance of
light coming from the plants, Hansen said. But this is no easy task.
The sensor must be able to distinguish the light bouncing off the
plant from the light bouncing off the background soil. What’s more,
it must be able to do the job under all kinds of environmental
conditions.
[to top of second column in this
article] |
"If you have a cloudy day, your camera
will see the crop differently," he pointed out. Therefore, the
sensor must be able to take into account the effect of a cloudy day
on light reflecting from the plants.
According to Zhang, the variable-rate
sprayer is able to change the rate of nitrogen being applied by
individual nozzles, making it possible to vary the rate on different
rows. The key is making sure that the right nozzle hits the right
plants with the right amount of fertilizer as determined by the
on-board sensor and computer.
U of I work on this project dates back
to 1997, when it was started by professors John Reid and Shufeng Han
with funding from the Case Corporation. Zhang is now leading the
effort to create a prototype applicator by 2003 — a machine that is
fully capable of scanning the crop, determining nitrogen stress and
varying the rate of fertilizer applied, all in a single pass. This
work is being funded by the Illinois Council on Food and
Agricultural Research.
According to Hansen, the new
developments in sprayer technology may have the potential of
reviving interest in variable-rate technology. As he explained, the
first wave of enthusiasm over variable-rate equipment in the 1990s
has waned because of economic considerations.
The selling point has always been more
accurate applications with variable rates. Increased accuracy would
bring savings in chemicals, not to mention less risk to the
environment.
"But there’s still some skepticism as
to the economic benefits of this technology," Hansen said.
Since the
early days, however, the technology has become more reliable and
computing power has soared, he added. Combine those advances with an
ability to vary rates on-the-go in real time, and the variable-rate
system may eventually find itself riding a new wave of interest.
[U of I news release] |
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Soil temperature maps help with timing of nitrogen fertilizer
application
[OCT. 23, 2002]
Illinois farmers have a tool
to help them determine when to apply post-harvest nitrogen
fertilizer since daily maps of soil temperatures across Illinois are
available on the Web, at
http://www.sws.uiuc.edu/warm/soiltemp.asp,
from the Illinois State Water Survey, a division of the Illinois
Department of Natural Resources.
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The maps are based on continuous
observations of soil temperatures at selected Illinois Climate
Network sites and are updated by 4 a.m. each day. "These maps serve
as a guide to general soil temperatures within a given region and
reflect existing temperature trends across the state as the fall
season progresses. Given the variability of temperatures within a
local area, it is important that farmers and applicators verify the
soil temperature of each field before applying nitrogen fertilizer
in the fall," says ISWS meteorologist Bob Scott.
The maps represent soil temperatures
observed between 9 and 10 a.m. the previous day across Illinois at a
depth of 4 inches below a bare soil surface and daily (midnight to
midnight) 4-inch bare soil maximum and minimum temperatures at the
same locations.
The Illinois Agronomy Handbook,
available from the University of Illinois College of ACES, states
that fall soil temperatures determine when ammonium-containing
nitrogen fertilizer may be applied without the occurrence of
excessive nitrification. The rate of nitrification is reduced at
soil temperatures of 50 degrees and below. Application of anhydrous
ammonia with a nitrification inhibitor can begin at soil
temperatures below 60 degrees. The soil temperature at 10 a.m. each
day is used in making the determination.
[to top of second column in
this article] |
Map users should be aware of current
soil temperatures and short- to long-term weather forecasts.
According to Scott, "Soil temperature fluctuations during fall may
result in periods with soil temperatures below the accepted
threshold for nitrogen application followed by an extended period
with soil temperatures above the accepted threshold. The date of the
first soil temperature below 50 each fall is often several weeks
before the last soil temperature above that value."
Other maps on the site show average
dates when soil temperatures drop and remain below 60 and 50,
respectively. Due to occasional periods of warm weather in winter,
the handbook does not recommend fall application of nitrogen south
of Illinois Route 16, roughly the southern third of the state.
The Web
resource, created through a grant from the Illinois Department of
Agriculture Fertilizer Research and Education program, also includes
soil temperatures at 4 and 8 inches under sod, air temperatures, dew
point temperatures, wind speed and direction, solar radiation,
potential evaporation, and precipitation in map and table formats.
[Press release from Illinois State Water Survey] |
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Weekly outlook
Cattle
prices
[OCT.
22, 2002]
URBANA — While live cattle
prices are currently several dollars above cash prices, the latest
USDA Cattle on Feed report will provide incentives for futures to
move even higher, and cash prices are likely to follow — at least in
the short run, said a Purdue University Extension marketing
specialist.
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"Finished cattle prices should push
into the higher $60s in November and perhaps to near $70 by the end
of the year," said Chris Hurt. "Further strength is now expected
early in 2003, as beef production finally begins to decline.
"Prices are expected to reach the
mid-$70s by late March or early April. Supplies are expected to
remain about 2 percent to 3 percent below year-earlier levels for
the remainder of 2003, with prices continuing to average in the low
to mid-$70s in the summer."
Hurt’s comments came as he reviewed the
September report that made cattle price prospects shine a bit
brighter, as the number of cattle in feedlots was down 6 percent on
Oct. 1.
"After a year of larger cattle
slaughter and heavy weights, some moderation in slaughter runs can
be anticipated by early 2003," he said. "Monthly cattle-on-feed
numbers have been 5 percent to 7 percent below year-earlier levels
since July. This means that supplies of slaughter cattle will likely
begin to drop in early 2003 and will continue to be smaller through
next year."
Prior to the report, there was an
anticipation that the number of cattle placed in September would be
up by 11 percent. However, placements were up only 2 percent. In
addition, September marketings, at 2 percent higher than last year,
were greater than pre-report anticipations. Other encouraging
information from the report was that placements of heavyweight
cattle were down. As an example, September placements of 800-pound
and heavier cattle were down 16 percent, indicating a potential gap
in fed supplies in the first quarter of 2003.
"The number on feed is lower in areas
more severely impacted by drought and higher in areas with normal or
high corn yields," said Hurt. "Drought-impact states with fewer
cattle on feed include Idaho, Kansas, Oklahoma and Texas. Iowa, with
an excellent corn crop, has more cattle on feed."
So far this year, beef production has
been up 3.8 percent. This is composed of about 1 percent more
marketings and nearly 3 percent greater weights. In the third
quarter, total production was up by 5.6 percent, with the head count
up about 3.1 percent and weights up by 2.5 percent. In the third
quarter, dairy cow slaughter was up about 11 percent, indicating a
relatively quick reaction by the dairy industry to rising feed
prices and low milk prices.
"This means that dairy cow numbers will
likely be down a few percentage points in the January inventory
report," said Hurt. "Beef cow slaughter was up only 1 percent in the
summer, as cows from drought areas in the western Plains and
Mountain States were primarily moved further east to pasture rather
than heading to slaughter."
[to
top of second column in this article]
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Weights remain the thorn in the side of
the industry, Hurt noted. After Sept. 11, 2001, the rapid drop in
finished cattle prices caused feedlot managers to withhold cattle in
the first seven weeks after the event. By the end of 2001, weights
had risen by about 3 percent and continued to rise into March 2002,
when they were up 5 percent. During the coming year, weights are
expected to moderate due to higher feed prices and higher fed-cattle
prices. However, weights may not come down to year-earlier levels
until next spring.
"With the large beef supplies this
year, prices have been disappointing," said Hurt. "In the first
three quarters of 2002, prices for Nebraska choice steers averaged
$66.35 per hundredweight, compared with $74.83 for the first three
quarters of 2001.
"Prices have dropped about 3 percent
for each 1 percent increase in beef supplies — a large reaction of
prices to changes in supply."
For the year 2003, beef supplies are
expected to drop by about 3 percent, pork supplies are expected to
be down by 2 percent, and total poultry supplies may rise by less
than 2 percent. As a result, 2003 appears to be a year of recovering
prices and much better profit prospects for livestock producers.
The depressed live cattle market and
higher feed costs also took a toll on feeder and calf prices. In the
first three quarters of 2002, 750- to 850-pound feeder steers at
Oklahoma City averaged only $79, a full $10 below the average in the
same period in 2001. For calves, the decline was even more severe.
The price of 500- to 550-pound steer calves averaged $94 per
hundredweight, $12 below the average in the same period in 2001.
Improved finished cattle prices are
expected to be supportive to feeder cattle prices, averaging in the
low $80s in the last quarter of 2002 in Oklahoma City and improving
to the mid- to higher $80s by spring. Steer calf prices are expected
to average in the higher $90s in late 2002 before moving up to the
$103-$105 range in the spring at Oklahoma City. Prices in the
eastern Corn Belt tend to be about $3 to $5 below Oklahoma City.
"By the fall
of 2003, strong finished cattle prices and the potential for
moderating feed costs point to even stronger calf and feeder
prices," said Hurt. "Maintaining brood cow numbers, or even moderate
expansion, seems to be the most favorable management strategy."
[U
of I news release]
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4-H program has
international flavor
[OCT.
21, 2002]
Wide-A-Wake 4-H Club
hosted the recent Logan County 4-H International Night program at
the Logan County Extension building. Approximately 60 youth, parents
and club leaders at the Oct. 14 event enjoyed a variety of foreign
foods and table displays.
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Stephen Wongratanamajcha, currently a
student at Lincoln Christian College, was the featured speaker.
Stephen was born in Burma and grew up in Chiangmai, Thailand. He is
a member of the Lisu tribe. He is married and has three children, a
daughter who is 14½ and sons 13 and 4 years old. He spoke about the
different food, sports, religious cultures, weather and holidays in
Thailand.
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Chester 4-H Club represented Mexico
with their displays and foods; Pioneers represented India;
Wide-A-Wake chose Germany for their dishes and display; and the
Millennium Clovers prepared dishes and displays from Poland.
To learn
more about the 4-H Japanese Exchange, 4-H International Foreign
Youth Exchange or the 4-H program, please contact the Logan County
4-H office at 732-8289.
[News release] |
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New soybean disease center aims to overcome major yield losses
[OCT.
21, 2002]
URBANA — Although there
have been significant improvements in soybean yields during recent
decades, the percentage of the crop lost to diseases has remained
virtually unchanged at 15 percent of total production. Major
diseases, such as soybean cyst nematode and sudden death syndrome,
continue to plague the soybean industry, with annual losses totaling
12 million metric tons.
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While new sources of resistance have
been identified for at least some of the important soybean diseases,
improved sources of resistance are still required to achieve
meaningful progress in protecting growers from continued losses.
Scientists also need to more fully understand how those resistance
genes are expressed in the plant and how they can be incorporated
into commercial varieties available to growers.
To meet this challenge, the University
of Illinois recently launched the Soybean Disease Biotechnology
Center, with the mission of identifying and creating new sources of
disease tolerance and resistance that will increase the
profitability of the industry. The center will be based at the U of
I’s National Soybean Research Laboratory. Funding for this new
effort was provided by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
"The center will bring the power of the
new genetic sciences to bear upon SCN and other major soybean
diseases that continue to rob growers of yield every year," said
Steve Sonka, director of the NSRL and one of the coordinators for
the project. "It is expected that the center will also become the
first line of defense against new and emerging soybean diseases,
such as soybean rust."
The primary goal is to reduce the
annual losses to soybean diseases and to identify new sources of
resistance from the genetic stocks available in USDA’s National
Soybean Germplasm Collection, housed at the U of I.
"Additional efforts will focus on
moving those resistance genes into elite soybean cultivars, using
the latest biotechnology techniques," Sonka said. "We also will be
identifying how the movement of resistance genes into the new
cultivars will affect other important attributes, such as yield,
protein and oil content. There will be a high priority on
disseminating this information directly to the soybean industry
through Web-based programs such as the Varietal Information Program
for Soybeans and through a wide range of publications and media
outlets."
[to top of second column in this
article]
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As part of this project, the NSRL has
assembled two teams of U of I scientists to conduct research that
directly meets those objectives. The team headed by Professors Lila
Vodkin, Jack Widholm and Steve Clough will apply leading-edge
technologies to dissect the complex interactions of the soybean with
specific pathogens and develop biotechnology strategies to control
those diseases.
"This group will use the latest
approaches in structural and functional genomics and genetic
transformation to achieve that goal," Sonka said. "One of these
innovative techniques involves so-called ‘gene-shuffling,’ which has
tremendous potential to rapidly generate new resistance genes. Other
techniques at the cutting edge of science will allow them to
determine if the genes are effective and to insert them into soybean
plants for increased resistance."
The other scientific team, headed by
Professors Terry Niblack and Chris Lambert, will focus on genetic
analysis of SCN virulence and how that knowledge of pathogen
virulence can be used to protect soybean resistance in the future.
"The ability
to use biotechnology to predict SCN virulence through genetic
markers will provide an invaluable tool for growers," Sonka said.
"Success in this goal would provide growers for the first time with
a wide array of soybean varieties with maximum resistance to SCN
genotypes found in their specific fields. For both teams, special
emphasis will be placed on communicating the results quickly and
effectively to both industry and the growers."
[U of I news release] |
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